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Vivek

Vivek Lala  |301 Answers  |Ask -

Tax, MF Expert - Answered on Sep 02, 2023

Vivek Lala has been working as a tax planner since 2018. His expertise lies in making personalised tax budgets and tax forecasts for individuals. As a tax advisor, he takes pride in simplifying tax complications for his clients using simple, easy-to-understand language.
Lala cleared his chartered accountancy exam in 2018 and completed his articleship with Chaturvedi and Shah. ... more
Satwinder Question by Satwinder on Aug 30, 2023Hindi
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Hi Vivek...I am new in MF investment and has started SIP 8 months back. I am having target of investing for next 20 years. After self study of MFs, i have selected following funds for monthly SIPs. Please guide me if i need to add/delete or replace any fund from this list. UTI Nifty 50 Index Fund Rs 1000 Nippon India Small Cap Fund Rs7500 TATA digital india fund direct Rs3000 HDFC Multicap fund Rs 2000 HDFC Midcap oppturnities Rs 2000 Thanks Satwinder Singh

Ans: Hello, good to know that you are investing in equities through mutual funds
Assuming you are below 35yrs, you can do the following :
Small cap - 25%
Mid cap - 25%
Multi cap - 25%
Thematic funds - 10%
Emergency funds ( assuming you have no FD's or other debt investments ) - 15%

Please note that these suggestions are based on your stated goals and the information you provided. It is always a good idea to consult with a financial advisor in person to better understand your risk tolerance, time horizon, and specific financial goals.
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Omkeshwar

Omkeshwar Singh  | Answer  |Ask -

Head, Rank MF - Answered on Jul 23, 2020

Money
I have following MFs (Growth) in my portfolio for some of them SIP is executed currently per month and for others SIP duration has expired. Am a long term investor with preference to SIP, kindly guide if I need to withdraw from one fund for investment in other fund and if the funds for which am paying SIP amount is to be continued or stopped. 1. Aditya Birla Sun Life Equity advantage Fund 2. BNP Paribas Midcap 3. DSP Equity Opportunities Fund 4. DSP Midcap Fund 5. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund 6. Franklin India Ultra Short Bond Fund 7. HDFC Equity Fund 8. HDFC Hybrid Equity Fund 9. HDFC Mid-Cap Opportunities Fund 10. HDFC Small Cap Fund 11. ICICI Prudential Infrastructure Fund 12. ICICI Prudential US Bluechip Fund 13. Invesco India Contra Fund 14. Kotak Emerging Equity Fund 15. Kotak Standard Multicap Fund 16. L&T Emerging Business Fund 17. L&T India Value Fund 18. L&T Midcap Fund 19. Mirae Asset Focused Fund 20. Mirae Asset Large Cap Fund 21. Motilal Oswal Multicap 35 Fund 22. Nippon India Growth 23. Nippon India Liquid Fund 24. Nippon India Power & Infra Fund 25. Principal Emerging Bluechip Fund 26. SBI Bluechip Fund 27. Tata Digital India Fund 28. Tata Equity PE Fund 29. Axis Blue-chip Fund Monthly SIP amounting 27000 is going for below funds (they are included in above details): 1. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund - 1500 2. Mirae Asset Focused Fund - 2000 3. Tata Digital India Fund - 1500 4. ICICI Prudential US Bluechip Fund - 1500 5. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund - 1500 6. BNP Paribas Midcap - 4000 7. HDFC Small Cap Fund - 4000 8. Kotak Emerging Equity Fund - 4000 9. L&T Midcap Fund - 4000 10. Nippon India Growth – 4000
Ans: TOO MANY FUNDS – not more than 4-6 schemes should be consolidated into.

Name of the Fund Category RankMF Star Rating Recommendation
1. Aditya Birla Sun Life Equity advantage Fund  Equity - Large & Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to Axis Opportunities Fund - Growth
2. BNP Paribas Midcap Equity - Mid Cap Fund 1 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
3. DSP Equity Opportunities Fund Equity - Large & Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to Axis Opportunities Fund - Growth
4. DSP Midcap Fund Equity - Mid Cap Fund 4 Continue
5. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund FoFs (Overseas) 4 Continue
6. Franklin India Ultra Short Bond Fund Debt Ultra Short Wind up Scheme
7. HDFC Equity Fund Equity - Multi Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to UTI Equity Fund - Growth
8. HDFC Hybrid Equity Fund Hybrid - Aggressive Hybrid Fund 5 Continue
9. HDFC Mid-Cap Opportunities Fund Equity - Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
10. HDFC Small Cap Fund Equity - Small Cap Fund 1 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
11. ICICI Prudential Infrastructure Fund Equity - Sectoral Fund - Infrastructure 1 Avoid Sectoral Funds, SmartSwitch to UTI Equity Fund - Growth
12. ICICI Prudential US Bluechip Fund Equity - Thematic Fund - Global 4 Continue
13. Invesco India Contra Fund Equity - Contra Fund 2 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
14. Kotak Emerging Equity Fund Equity - Mid Cap Fund 3 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
15. Kotak Standard Multicap Fund Equity - Multi Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to UTI Equity Fund - Growth
16. L&T Emerging Business Fund Equity - Small Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
17. L&T India Value Fund Equity - Value Fund 2 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
18. L&T Midcap Fund Equity - Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
19. Mirae Asset Focused Fund Equity - Focused Fund 4 Continue
20. Mirae Asset Large Cap Fund Equity - Large Cap Fund 3 SmartSwitch to Uti Mastershare Unit Scheme - Growth Plan
21. Motilal Oswal Multicap 35 Fund Equity - Multi Cap Fund 4 Continue
22. Nippon India Growth Equity - Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
23. Nippon India Liquid Fund Debt - Liquid Fund 5 Continue
24. Nippon India Power & Infra Fund Equity - Sectoral Fund - Energy & Power 1 Avoid Sectoral Funds, SmartSwitch to UTI Equity Fund - Growth
25. Principal Emerging Bluechip Fund Equity - Large & Mid Cap Fund 4 Continue
26. SBI Bluechip Fund Equity - Large Cap Fund 3 SmartSwitch to Uti Mastershare Unit Scheme - Growth Plan
27. Tata Digital India Fund Equity - Thematic Fund - Other 3 continue
28. Tata Equity PE Fund Equity - Value Fund 3 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
29. Axis Blue-chip Fund Equity - Large Cap Fund 4 Continue
 
1. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund - 1500 FoFs (Overseas) 4 Continue
2. Mirae Asset Focused Fund - 2000 Equity - Focused Fund 4 Continue
3. Tata Digital India Fund - 1500 Equity - Thematic Fund - Other 3 continue
4. ICICI Prudential US Bluechip Fund - 1500 Equity - Thematic Fund - Global 4 Continue
5. DSP US Flexible Equity Fund - 1500 FoFs (Overseas) 4 Continue
6. BNP Paribas Midcap - 4000 Equity - Mid Cap Fund 1 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
7. HDFC Small Cap Fund - 4000 Equity - Small Cap Fund 1 SmartSwitch to Axis ESG Fund  Growth
8. Kotak Emerging Equity Fund - 4000 Equity - Mid Cap Fund 3 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
9. L&T Midcap Fund - 4000 Equity - Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth
10. Nippon India Growth – 4000 Equity - Mid Cap Fund 2 SmartSwitch to DSP Mid Cap Growth

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7365 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Dec 09, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 09, 2024Hindi
Money
Dear Rediff guru. I am 51 years and new to the field of MF investment with not high knowledge about SIP investment in MF. I started my SIP in MF about 3 years ago and, based on the advice of the fund advisor, I am currently investing through SIP a monthly amount of Rs. 20000 in Kotak Blue chip fund – 5000, Tata Large & Mid Cap – 4000, Invesco India Multi Cap – 4000, PGIM India Mid cap – 4000 and AXIS Small cap – 3000. Now some of my close friends / relative are advising me to review my SIP in these funds as some of them are not giving good returns. They are also advising me to switch over to some other MF without redeeming the present fund. I am quite confused as the funds wherein I started investing was doing decent at that point of time. I am confused whether I should stick to the current MF with the SIP amount as given above or I should go for some other funds. Please advise. My investment horizon is may be another 8 to 10 years.
Ans: Your mutual fund portfolio has a mix of large-cap, large- and mid-cap, multi-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap funds. This diversification strategy is a good approach, especially for a beginner. Your monthly SIP of Rs. 20,000 is distributed effectively across different categories, aligning with long-term investment principles. However, periodic reviews are essential to ensure optimal performance and alignment with your goals.

Here’s a detailed analysis and guidance:

Assessment of Current SIP Investments
Kotak Bluechip Fund (Rs. 5,000):

Large-cap funds provide stability and are less volatile.

Retain this fund if its performance is consistent with its benchmark and category peers.

Tata Large & Mid Cap Fund (Rs. 4,000):

These funds combine stability and growth by investing in large- and mid-cap stocks.

Review its performance and continue if it is competitive within its category.

Invesco India Multi Cap Fund (Rs. 4,000):

Multi-cap funds provide diversification across market caps.

If its returns are below average for its category, consider switching to a better-performing fund.

PGIM India Mid Cap Fund (Rs. 4,000):

Mid-cap funds offer higher growth potential but can be volatile.

Retain this fund if your risk tolerance supports it and its performance is consistent.

Axis Small Cap Fund (Rs. 3,000):

Small-cap funds are high-risk, high-reward investments and perform well over long horizons.

Continue investing if your risk appetite aligns and its returns remain satisfactory.

Steps to Streamline Your Portfolio
Avoid Duplication:

Review overlapping funds in similar categories like large-cap and large- and mid-cap funds.

Consolidate investments in one or two strong performers within a category.

Minimise Small-Cap Exposure:

Limit small-cap investments to 10-15% of your portfolio.

This reduces risk and ensures stability, especially closer to retirement.

Focus on Core Funds:

Increase allocation to large-cap and multi-cap funds for stability and consistent returns.

These funds form the foundation of a robust portfolio.

Track Fund Performance Regularly:

Assess fund performance against benchmarks and peer funds.

Underperforming funds can be replaced with better options.

Diversify Across Investment Styles:

Your portfolio can include flexi-cap or balanced advantage funds.

These funds adjust their asset allocation dynamically based on market conditions.

Addressing Concerns from Friends and Relatives
While advice from peers is valuable, rely on objective criteria for fund selection.

Performance, risk-adjusted returns, and consistency are more critical than temporary trends.

Avoid switching funds hastily; review long-term performance and investment goals first.

Suggestions for Optimisation
Consider Balanced Funds:

Add hybrid or balanced advantage funds for reduced risk and consistent returns.

These funds offer stability during market downturns.

Evaluate Debt Funds:

Debt funds can complement your portfolio by providing stability and liquidity.

These funds are especially useful for goals with shorter horizons.

Tax Efficiency:

LTCG above Rs. 1.25 lakh on equity mutual funds is taxed at 12.5%.

Plan redemptions and switches carefully to minimise tax liability.

Staying Disciplined and Focused
Stick to your long-term investment horizon of 8–10 years.

Avoid chasing high returns or switching funds frequently based on short-term trends.

Monitor your portfolio annually to ensure alignment with goals.

Final Insights
Your portfolio shows good intent and initial planning. With minor adjustments and disciplined investing, it can achieve your financial goals. Reduce overlapping funds, optimise tax efficiency, and focus on stability as you near retirement.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

Latest Questions
Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7365 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Dec 28, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 27, 2024Hindi
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Hi Team, I am 30 and have below SIPs. Please review them and let me know if i have to make any changes. Hdfc large & Mid cap fund - 5000 Motilal Oswal Mid cap fund - 5000 Kotak infrastructure and eco fund - 2000 PGIM India Mid Cap Opportunities Fund- 5000 SBI Contra -1500 Motila Oswal business cycle fund-3000 Focus is to continue SIP for longterm
Ans: Your portfolio reflects a proactive approach to wealth creation. Each fund serves a distinct purpose. Let's assess and optimise your investments for long-term growth.

Strengths of Your Current Portfolio
Diverse Investment Strategy: Your funds cover multiple segments like large-cap, mid-cap, and thematic investments.

Long-Term Focus: A consistent SIP approach aligns with compounding benefits and market cycles.

Mid-Cap Exposure: Allocating significant SIPs to mid-cap funds positions your portfolio for growth.

Inclusion of Thematic Funds: Thematic funds add sectoral focus, offering opportunities in specific growth areas.

Areas for Improvement
Concentration in Mid-Cap Funds: A high allocation to mid-cap funds can increase volatility. Diversification is key.

Overlapping Thematic Focus: Funds with sectoral or cyclical focus may overlap in strategy.

Balance Between Growth and Stability: Adding more stability-focused funds can protect the portfolio in downturns.

Fund-Specific Observations
Large and Mid-Cap Fund
This fund balances growth and stability.

Retain this allocation for consistent returns and risk management.

Mid-Cap Funds
Significant allocation to mid-cap funds is growth-oriented.

Review performance and overlap to avoid redundancy.

Consider reallocating some amount to flexi-cap funds for diversification.

Thematic Infrastructure Fund
Sector-focused funds can be volatile and dependent on market cycles.

Limit thematic exposure to 10% of your overall portfolio.

Monitor this fund closely to ensure it aligns with your goals.

Contra and Business Cycle Funds
Both funds are contrarian and cyclical in nature.

Overlapping strategies may lead to concentration risk.

Retain one fund and reallocate the other to a balanced or flexi-cap fund.

Recommendations for Portfolio Optimisation
Enhance Diversification
Add a balanced allocation to large-cap or flexi-cap funds for stability.

Diversification reduces risk and enhances long-term returns.

Monitor and Evaluate Performance
Regularly review fund performance to ensure alignment with goals.

Replace underperforming funds without hesitation.

Adjust Thematic and Sectoral Exposure
Limit thematic funds to a smaller portion of your portfolio.

Sector-focused funds are cyclical and require active monitoring.

Tax-Efficiency
Long-term equity fund gains above Rs. 1.25 lakh attract 12.5% tax.

Short-term gains attract a 20% tax.

Consider tax efficiency while planning redemptions.

Importance of Regular Funds
Direct funds lack personalised guidance and portfolio tracking.

Investing through a Certified Financial Planner ensures regular reviews and professional advice.

Regular funds offer value-added services and align with long-term goals.

Final Insights
Your portfolio is well-structured for long-term growth but needs refinement.

Reduce concentration in mid-cap and thematic funds for better risk management.

Increase exposure to diversified and balanced funds for stability.

Seek professional guidance to optimise performance and adapt to market trends.

Your disciplined SIP approach will reward you over time. Stay consistent and review periodically.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7365 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Dec 28, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 28, 2024Hindi
Money
Hello, Sir. I am a 41-year-old male with a 9-year-old son and a housewife. I need advise on how to undertake financial planning because I want to retire early, perhaps at age 48-50. I am currently outside of India and have 2.5 crore in NRE FDs, roughly 60 lakhs in Mutual Funds, 8 lakhs in share market, and 8 lakhs in PF. I have floater health insurance for 15 lakhs. Some LIC's for roughly 5 lakhs. I have one rented flat that pays 12,000 per month and an ancestor property that pays 20,000. In the next 3-6 months, I plan to buy a one-crore flat and return to India permanently in the following few months.I plan to buy a one-crore flat in the next 3-6 months, return to India permanently in the next 1-2 months, and work for an IT company with an annual income of approximately 25-35 lacs. I know I lost the opportunity to invest some money during/after the covid time; else, I would have had a somewhat better portfolio. I need your advice on how to properly invest my FD's money.
Ans: Planning for early retirement requires careful analysis and structured execution. Your current financial situation reflects a strong foundation. Let’s optimise your resources to achieve your goals.

Assessing Current Financial Standing
Your assets are well-distributed across various instruments:

Rs. 2.5 crore in NRE FDs
Rs. 60 lakhs in Mutual Funds
Rs. 8 lakhs in shares
Rs. 8 lakhs in PF
Floater health insurance for Rs. 15 lakhs
Rs. 12,000 rental income from one flat
Rs. 20,000 rental income from ancestral property
LIC policies worth Rs. 5 lakhs
This portfolio indicates a mix of liquidity, growth, and stability.

Setting Clear Retirement Goals
Define retirement income needs based on desired lifestyle. Early retirement at 48-50 means funding 30-40 years of expenses.

Factor in inflation, medical needs, child’s education, and your family’s future financial security.

Challenges to Address
High allocation to fixed deposits (FDs), which have low returns post-tax.
Underutilisation of mutual funds and equity investments.
Managing new property purchase without compromising retirement corpus.
Optimising Your Investments
Fixed Deposits
Move a significant portion of FD funds to growth-oriented investments.
Retain only a portion for emergencies or short-term needs.
Mutual Funds
Increase allocation to diversified mutual funds.
Focus on a mix of large-cap, mid-cap, and flexi-cap funds for growth.
Use regular plans through a Certified Financial Planner for personalised advice and portfolio tracking.
Share Market Investments
Rs. 8 lakhs in shares needs a review. Assess performance and risks.
Shift underperforming or speculative stocks to diversified equity funds.
Provident Fund
PF provides stability. Let it compound till retirement for assured returns.
LIC Policies
Evaluate LIC policies. Surrender low-yield policies and redirect funds to mutual funds.
Ensure sufficient life insurance coverage through term plans.
Managing Real Estate Investments
Your plan to purchase a flat for Rs. 1 crore is prudent. However:

Avoid using FD funds entirely for this purchase.
Opt for a small loan if needed, keeping EMIs manageable.
Leverage rental income from this property to supplement post-retirement income.
Health and Life Insurance
Your Rs. 15 lakh health insurance is adequate for now.
Increase coverage to Rs. 25-30 lakhs upon returning to India.
Secure a term insurance policy with sufficient coverage to protect your family.
Tax Efficiency
Post-return to India, your NRE FDs will lose tax exemptions.

Redirect funds to tax-efficient instruments like equity mutual funds and debt funds.
Long-term capital gains on equity funds are taxed favourably.
Child’s Education and Family’s Security
Allocate a dedicated corpus for your son’s higher education.
A mix of equity and balanced funds will help achieve this goal.
Emergency Fund
Set aside Rs. 15-20 lakhs as a liquid emergency fund.
Use liquid mutual funds or short-term debt funds for easy access.
Regular Monitoring and Review
Review your portfolio every 6-12 months with a Certified Financial Planner.
Adjust allocations based on market trends, personal goals, and economic changes.
Final Insights
Your financial foundation is solid. With strategic changes, you can retire early with confidence.

Diversify investments, optimise tax efficiency, and plan systematically for your goals. Stay disciplined and avoid speculative ventures.

Your foresight in seeking advice ensures a secure and fulfilling retirement.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

Dr Nagarajan Jsk

Dr Nagarajan Jsk   |188 Answers  |Ask -

NEET, Medical, Pharmacy Careers - Answered on Dec 27, 2024

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Career
Hello! Sir This is Sravani.I am a M.Pharmacy postgraduate and has a work experience of 6 years in Quality control department in pharma industry.At present i am working in the same department. But i want to go for work from home job.so that i can spend time with my kids. Both my kids are in kindergarten. It's becoming tough for me to manage both job & kids as my working hours are too long. Please do suggest me any kind of work from home job which suits my profile. Regards Sravani
Ans: Hi Sravanthi,

It's great to hear that you have six years of experience in Quality Control (QC). As you know, QC roles are generally onsite, unlike IT roles that can often be done remotely. Given your expertise in QC, you have the option to transition to Quality Assurance (QA), Regulatory Affairs (RA), or the Validation team, but we need to assess the feasibility of such a shift. While it is uncommon, it is possible to find roles in RA, such as preparing and submitting documents, pharmacovigilance, or medical scribing. However, since these are not your areas of expertise, if you choose to pursue them, you may be considered a fresher in those fields.

You also mentioned that need to work long hours. Even with work from home (WFH), you will likely face similar challenges; once you log in, you cannot skip the tasks assigned to you. Being at home may hinder your ability to care for your children, creating additional difficulties.

If you are financially stable, you might consider quitting your current job to find other opportunities or to take care of your family. If not, you will need to weigh your options carefully.

My recommendation is to prefer onsite work rather than WFH.

On a lighter note, there are many advantages to onsite work that can actually save you money—such as reduced electricity bills, food expenses, and travel costs. Compared to WFH, where you may incur higher electricity costs due to using AC and your computer, along with food expenses for snacks and meals.

Logically speaking, as a working woman, if your maid were asking for a WFH arrangement, how would you respond?

As an additional suggestion, you might consider applying for government jobs as a Junior or Senior Analyst in your state’s Drug Testing Lab within the Drugs Control Department.

Ultimately, I recommend that you continue in your current field and potentially explore opportunities in a different company or industry that offers a higher salary. Alternatively, you could also consider transitioning to QA, but ideally in an onsite position.

All the best.

...Read more

Dr Nagarajan Jsk

Dr Nagarajan Jsk   |188 Answers  |Ask -

NEET, Medical, Pharmacy Careers - Answered on Dec 27, 2024

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Dr Shakeeb Ahmed

Dr Shakeeb Ahmed Khan  |132 Answers  |Ask -

Physiotherapist - Answered on Dec 27, 2024

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Health
Knee Replacement- My doctor has advised me total knee replacement in right knee after examining X ray, as I am suffering from pain in right knee for last 12 months. Whether I have any options to avoid it or better to do to live pain free life after operation. I am worried about side effects, if any. Thanks Ganesh Surana
Ans: Dear Mr. Surana,
Thank you for your query. If your doctor has recommended a total knee replacement, it is likely based on the severity of your condition as indicated by the X-ray and your ongoing pain. However, you may still explore conservative options before deciding on surgery. I suggest consulting a physiotherapist for a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Physiotherapy can help strengthen the muscles around the knee, improve joint stability, and potentially reduce pain.
That said, your age and weight also play an important role in determining the best course of action. If you are overweight, weight management can significantly reduce stress on the knee joint and alleviate symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as a tailored exercise regimen and a healthy diet, can also be beneficial.

If conservative measures don’t provide sufficient relief, total knee replacement may be the best option for living a pain-free life. It’s natural to be concerned about side effects, but modern surgical techniques and post-operative care have made the procedure highly effective and safe. Discuss all your concerns with your doctor and physiotherapist to make an informed decision.
Wishing you the best,

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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