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Can we sell our flat to pay off our new home loan?

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Feb 04, 2025

Ramalingam Kalirajan has over 23 years of experience in mutual funds and financial planning.
He has an MBA in finance from the University of Madras and is a certified financial planner.
He is the director and chief financial planner at Holistic Investment, a Chennai-based firm that offers financial planning and wealth management advice.... more
Asked by Anonymous - Feb 04, 2025Hindi
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Me and my wife are both in our 40's now. We've purchased a new flat worth 1.93 CR with a house loan of 1.37 CR and an EMI for around 1.10L per month for next 30 years. Our combined earnings are around 3L per month. We have around 60L worth ESOPS, 5 other flats (all paid off) and getting a rental from 4 of those flats while one of them is occupied by our parents), 40L in PF, 10L in Gold, our Health Insurance is taken care of by the company while one set of parents (my wife's side) are covered under CGHS. My father however has had both his Kidneys Fail and needs Dialysis on a regular basis for which we pay around 1L per month. I've just recently started investing small sums in Equities. We have no kids and hence no parental responsibilities. But our lifestyle is such that we like to travel and shop a lot... our monthly expenditures including the necessities is around 2L+ We wish to lessen our home loan burden and wish to retire by 55 with a minimum corpus of at least 5cr. without any loans. Is it advisable to sell off one of the lesser lucrative flats to pay off the current home loan? Are there any other alternatives?

Ans: Your current financial position is strong. You have multiple assets, rental income, and a good salary. However, the high EMI and dialysis expenses require careful planning. Below is a structured approach to reduce your loan burden and secure your retirement.

1. Loan Repayment Strategy
Your home loan EMI of Rs 1.10L per month is a significant portion of your income.

At 30 years, you will pay a large interest amount over time.

Selling one of your lesser lucrative flats is a good option to reduce debt.

Check the rental yield of each flat. If any of them gives less than 2.5% per year, consider selling.

Use the sale proceeds to partially prepay the home loan.

This will reduce EMI and total interest paid over time.

Avoid using all your liquid savings for loan repayment.

2. Optimizing Rental Income
You own 5 flats, with 4 rented and 1 occupied by parents.

Consider renting out the least profitable flat at market rates.

Increase rent periodically to match inflation.

Ensure zero vacancy to maximize rental income.

Use rental earnings to prepay loan in lumpsum every few years.

3. Retirement Corpus Planning
You need at least Rs 5 crore in 15 years.

Your existing assets (PF, gold, ESOPs, and flats) help in wealth creation.

You need an investment plan to reach Rs 5 crore.

Start investing Rs 75,000–1L per month in a mix of equity and debt.

Increase SIPs as income grows or expenses reduce.

4. Investment Strategy
You just started investing in equities. Increase exposure gradually.

Invest in actively managed mutual funds for better returns than direct stocks.

Avoid direct stock speculation unless you have expertise.

Gold should be less than 10% of your portfolio.

ESOPs should be diversified once vested. Avoid over-reliance on one company.

PF will help, but it won’t be enough for retirement alone.

5. Managing Healthcare Costs
Your father’s dialysis costs Rs 1L per month, which is significant.

Company insurance may not cover pre-existing conditions.

Consider buying a separate health insurance policy for parents.

Look for critical illness coverage to reduce future risks.

6. Lifestyle & Expense Control
Your total monthly expenses are Rs 2L+, which is high.

Travel and shopping can slow down wealth creation.

Set a budget for discretionary spending while keeping lifestyle intact.

Reduce avoidable expenses and channel funds toward investments.

7. Emergency Fund Planning
Keep at least Rs 10L in a liquid emergency fund.

This ensures you don’t break investments during financial shocks.

Store funds in a high-interest savings account or liquid mutual fund.

8. Alternative to Selling Property
If selling is not preferred, use rental income + savings to prepay the loan.

Check if your bank allows loan restructuring for better interest rates.

Consider switching lenders if a lower rate is available.

Partial prepayments every year reduce tenure and interest burden.

Finally
Selling one less profitable flat is a good move to reduce loan stress.

Optimize rental income and invest surplus wisely.

Maintain emergency funds and health coverage for safety.

Control discretionary expenses while enjoying a comfortable lifestyle.

Invest aggressively to build a Rs 5 crore retirement corpus by 55.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 30, 2024

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Hello Sir,I am 38 yrs now & wife 34. We are having a 9 years old daughter. My salary is 80K & wife's salary is 85K.My SIP is 19,000 (10 years) per month & wife 35,000 for (20 years) .NPS-50K PA. LIC-1.5L PA,Shares 6L,Gold-7L We are having a home loan of 55L for 15 years where our target is to close it by 2033.(EMI-55K). This flat we have given it on rent (16,000) rent. My target is to get retire by 50 with a corpus of 3Cr.
Ans: Current Financial Situation
Monthly Income and Expenses
Your salary: Rs. 80,000 per month.
Wife's salary: Rs. 85,000 per month.
Total monthly income: Rs. 1,65,000.
EMI on home loan: Rs. 55,000.
Rent received from flat: Rs. 16,000.
Investments
SIPs: Rs. 19,000 per month (10 years) and Rs. 35,000 per month (20 years).
NPS: Rs. 50,000 per annum.
LIC: Rs. 1.5 lakhs per annum.
Shares: Rs. 6 lakhs.
Gold: Rs. 7 lakhs.
Goals
Retire at age 50 with a corpus of Rs. 3 crores.
Close home loan by 2033.
Retirement Planning
SIP Contributions
Continue your SIPs diligently.
Your 10-year SIP and wife's 20-year SIP are crucial.
Consider increasing SIP amount with salary hikes.
National Pension System (NPS)
NPS is a good retirement tool.
Rs. 50,000 per annum contribution helps with tax savings and retirement corpus.
Consider increasing NPS contributions over time.
Life Insurance
LIC premiums of Rs. 1.5 lakhs per annum.
Ensure that you have adequate term insurance coverage.
If LIC policies are not term plans, evaluate their returns and consider switching to mutual funds.
Direct Equity Investments
Current investment in shares: Rs. 6 lakhs.
Review the performance of your stock portfolio.
Diversify to reduce risk.
Gold Investments
Current gold investments: Rs. 7 lakhs.
Gold is a good hedge against inflation.
Do not allocate more than 10% of your portfolio to gold.
Home Loan Strategy
Early Loan Repayment
Aim to close the loan by 2033 as planned.
Use rental income and any surplus funds to prepay the loan.
Prepayment reduces interest burden and loan tenure.
Rental Income Utilization
Use Rs. 16,000 rent received to support EMI payments.
This helps in managing cash flow.
Education Planning for Your Daughter
Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
Start a dedicated SIP for your daughter's higher education.
Estimate future education costs and invest accordingly.
Equity mutual funds are suitable for long-term education goals.
Review and Adjust
Review your investment strategy annually.
Adjust SIP amounts based on market performance and financial goals.
Building Retirement Corpus
Diversified Mutual Funds
Focus on diversified mutual funds for better risk management.
Actively managed funds can offer better returns than index funds.
Avoid index funds due to their passive nature and lack of active management.
Regular Review
Regularly review your mutual fund portfolio.
Consult with a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) for adjustments.
Alternative Investments
Consider debt mutual funds for stability.
These funds offer safer returns and help balance your portfolio.
Tax Planning
Utilise Tax Benefits
Maximise Section 80C deductions with investments in ELSS funds.
Continue NPS contributions for additional tax benefits under Section 80CCD(1B).
Final Insights
SIPs: Continue and increase SIP contributions over time.

NPS: Maintain and enhance contributions for retirement savings.

Insurance: Ensure adequate term insurance; review LIC policies.

Equity and Gold: Maintain diversified investments; review regularly.

Home Loan: Aim for early repayment using surplus funds and rental income.

Education Planning: Start SIPs for your daughter's education.

Tax Planning: Maximize tax-saving investments.

Regular Review: Consult with a CFP for portfolio adjustments and goal tracking.

By following this comprehensive strategy, you can achieve your retirement and financial goals, ensuring a secure future for your family.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Apr 25, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Apr 25, 2025
Money
Hi, I am 56 years old working professional earning 45L/year.Have 2 sons--one is just married ,self dependent and second is unmarried,working but partially dependent on us as of now. Have following investments/assets @current mkt valuation (besides a 3BHK flat in which we stay as a family) 1) 2 flats @@ 100L 2)Land plots@@ 125L 3)Mutual funds+stocks@@65L 4)Other sundary investments@@50L 5) 5L as emergency liquid corpus 6) Health Insurance @@25L for family Liabilities are--35 L home loan for 5 years,monthly EMI is 76K Monthly home expenses@@70K Have fixed monthly income is abt 15K Would like to retire from active working immediately..Kindly advise
Ans: You have built a solid foundation.

At 56, with assets across categories and a family nearly self-sufficient, early retirement is a realistic thought. But retirement is not just about assets. It’s about liquidity, stability, income flow, inflation control, and emotional readiness too.

Let’s go through a 360-degree analysis to help you decide wisely.

Understanding Your Present Financial Position
Your yearly income is Rs 45 lakh. It is quite high. Appreciate your discipline and savings.

Monthly household expense is Rs 70,000. EMI is Rs 76,000. So, total outflow is about Rs 1.46 lakh monthly.

You have Rs 15,000 per month from fixed income sources. That’s just 10% of your monthly need. This gap must be planned well.

Your emergency fund is Rs 5 lakh. That is good. It covers at least 3-4 months of expenses.

Health insurance of Rs 25 lakh is good. This is crucial in retired life. Please ensure it includes pre and post-hospitalisation cover.

Your younger son is partly dependent. You will have to support him for few more years.

Asset Assessment – Current Market Value
2 Flats – Rs 1 crore (Rs 100 lakh)

Land Plots – Rs 1.25 crore (Rs 125 lakh)

Mutual Funds + Stocks – Rs 65 lakh

Other Sundry Investments – Rs 50 lakh

Emergency corpus – Rs 5 lakh

Total (excluding residential home) – Rs 3.45 crore

Liabilities: Rs 35 lakh home loan with 5 years left. EMI Rs 76,000.

Your net worth (excluding your home) is around Rs 3.10 crore. That is a strong base.

Can You Retire Now?
Let us analyse this from a practical view. Retirement success depends on many things. Not just corpus.

You will need to fund lifestyle costs for next 25–30 years.

Your current monthly expense is Rs 70,000. With 6% inflation, this doubles in 12 years.

Medical cost will rise. You need health and also medical buffer corpus.

Your fixed monthly income is Rs 15,000. This is very low. You must create more predictable income flow.

You are still repaying a home loan. Rs 76,000 EMI monthly will stress early retirement cash flows.

So, in short, you can consider semi-retirement now. But full retirement should wait until this loan is cleared.

Action Plan to Achieve Immediate Retirement Comfortably
Let’s break it into steps.

1. Create a Retirement Monthly Income Plan
Your monthly need is Rs 1.5 lakh including EMI and lifestyle.

Your fixed income is only Rs 15,000. That leaves a gap of Rs 1.35 lakh monthly.

You need a stable income generation structure from your corpus.

Use your mutual funds and stocks worth Rs 65 lakh to create a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP).

Please select diversified, actively managed mutual funds. Avoid index funds. They lack downside protection.

Select a staggered withdrawal strategy to ensure inflation-adjusted monthly cash flow.

Your sundry investments of Rs 50 lakh should be partially shifted to conservative mutual funds. Use this for secondary monthly support.

2. Re-Allocate Real Estate Portion Wisely
You have 2 extra flats (Rs 1 crore) and land plots (Rs 1.25 crore).

Real estate is illiquid. It may not help in emergencies or monthly income.

Please avoid holding many properties in retirement. They carry maintenance cost, tax, and liquidity risk.

You may consider selling one flat and one land plot. Redeploy funds into mutual funds or fixed return instruments.

Use part of sale to create a monthly income bridge. Use another part for medical reserve.

Keep at least Rs 30–40 lakh fully liquid in 2–3 buckets. One for expenses, one for medium-term needs, and one for medical/emergency.

3. Close or Reduce Home Loan Burden
Home loan of Rs 35 lakh is your biggest outflow.

EMI of Rs 76,000 per month will strain post-retirement phase.

Please use proceeds from property reallocation to prepay or reduce loan.

Even partial prepayment to cut tenure will help you breathe easier.

Without this loan, your monthly need will fall from Rs 1.5 lakh to about Rs 75,000–80,000.

4. Create Emergency and Medical Buffer
Current emergency fund is Rs 5 lakh. That is not enough for retirement.

Please build Rs 15–20 lakh as liquid emergency and health reserve.

Use combination of liquid funds, short-term MFs, and sweep FDs.

Please avoid locking everything in long-term instruments. Flexibility is key.

5. Medical Protection Is a Must
Rs 25 lakh family health insurance is good. Please verify the following:

No room rent capping

Includes day care treatments

Renewability till age 80+

No sub-limits on critical illnesses

In addition to insurance, build a Rs 10 lakh corpus exclusively for medical needs.

Do not mix this with your lifestyle or other needs.

6. Monthly Income Structure After Retirement
Here’s how your income could be structured post-retirement:

Fixed Income: Rs 15,000/month from your existing sources

SWP from Mutual Funds: Rs 45,000–50,000/month from equity+hybrid funds

Withdrawals from Conservative MFs: Rs 30,000/month from low-volatility funds

Sundry Investments: Use for lump sum needs and annual costs

Rental (If You Keep a Flat): Rs 15,000–20,000/month rental income possible

Total potential monthly income: Rs 1.1 lakh–1.2 lakh.

Post loan closure, your expense will drop. That means your income will be sufficient.

7. Tax Planning
Mutual fund gains are now taxed with new rules.

Equity MF LTCG above Rs 1.25 lakh is taxed at 12.5%.

STCG on equity MFs is taxed at 20%.

Debt MF gains are taxed as per your slab.

So, prefer SWP from equity mutual funds held over 3 years. This is tax-efficient.

Maintain a log of capital gains. Work with a CA to manage taxes better.

8. How to Invest the Corpus Post Retirement
Here is a safe approach to invest your total corpus (Rs 3.1 crore approx):

Rs 20 lakh – Emergency and Medical fund in liquid & ultra-short-term funds

Rs 25 lakh – Conservative mutual funds (low risk, steady income)

Rs 50 lakh – Hybrid equity mutual funds (for SWP)

Rs 30 lakh – Balanced advantage funds (for volatility management)

Rs 20 lakh – Equity mutual funds (for growth over 10+ years)

Rs 15 lakh – Bank FDs for 2–3 years with monthly interest payout

Keep remaining from real estate sale for son's wedding, gifts, or long-term buffer

Avoid direct funds. Always invest via mutual fund distributor with CFP guidance.

Direct funds lack personalised tracking, behavioural support, and timely rebalancing.

9. Planning for the Younger Son
He is working but partially dependent. Give him a clear 2–3 year support plan.

Encourage him to take full financial charge soon.

Avoid gifting large property or cash now. Focus on retirement security first.

If needed, support him with skill-building or business capital in a controlled way.

10. Emotional and Lifestyle Planning
Retirement is not just about money. It changes your routine and mental structure.

Please identify a purpose, hobby, or consulting option to keep mentally active.

Consider part-time or advisory roles in your industry.

This will reduce financial pressure and keep you engaged.

Finally
You are in a strong position. You have built solid wealth and stability.

Retirement now is possible. But only if real estate is restructured and EMI is handled.

Monthly income gap must be managed through SWP, hybrid funds, and partial rental.

Emotional planning and lifestyle design are as important as financial setup.

Please consult a Certified Financial Planner to implement and monitor this plan.

Review the setup every 6 months to adjust as needed.

Retirement is a journey. Plan it like a project. Keep buffers ready for surprises.

You are almost there. With a few strategic moves, you can retire peacefully and stay secure.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

Reetika

Reetika Sharma  |417 Answers  |Ask -

Financial Planner, MF and Insurance Expert - Answered on Sep 19, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Sep 13, 2025Hindi
Money
Hi I am 43 years old IT professional having compensation of 80L per annum. I have health insurance of 30L for family. I have house of own so no EMI’s. I have 30 lakhs cash lying in FD, debt fund, 30L in stocks. My EPF is currently 1 crore and investment in Mutual fund is 1 crore out of which 70% is in equity fund, 5% in gold and rest in debt fund. I am doing SIP of 1 lakh per month. Other than that my monthly expense is 1 lakh. Wife is working as a teacher and earns 30K per month. Daughter is 2 years old and is in pre-school. Parents stay with us but not dependent on me. I am thinking of buying a flat which will cost me around 2.5 crore. Idea is to sell all stocks and mutual funds for down payment and take home loan for rest i.e. around 1 crore. Rent would be around 40K, but chances of future property appreciation is good. What do you suggest, is this a wise move or instead of buying flat I should invest more of mutual funds? Pls do consider, in current circumstances, job market in IT is not stable specially for senior professionals. Also, if i retire at age of 45 how much savings will I need ? Thanks
Ans: Hi,

I understand your dilemma. It is very common these days to decide what to do.
In your case, selling everything to buy a land doesn't seem a wise decision. Holding onto your funds and stocks can help you in early retirement.
However, if you get into another loan EMI, you will not be able to retire early. You have to work to pay off emi and will have no source to fund your retirement.

Hence best possible outcome here is to increase your monthly sIP to maximum to generate corpus to fund your lifestyle as well as retirement. As you said, you have a 2-yo, you also need to plan her higher studies which will require another 50 lakhs to 1 crore.

30L in FD and debt funds is good for your emergency. If you increase your SIP amount to 2 lakhs for another 4 -5 years, you can easily retire without worrying for anything.
Also for your daughter, start SIP of 50,000 into equity oriented funds for 5 years and let it grow till she turns 18. Her education expense will be sorted.

Also as your corpus is more than bare minimum of 10lakhs, I advice you to take a professional help as a guided portfolio generates better returns than a self-made one.

Hence do consult a professional Certified Financial Planner - a CFP who can guide you with exact funds to invest in keeping in mind your age, requirements, financial goals and risk profile.

Best Regards,
Reetika Sharma, Certified Financial Planner
https://www.instagram.com/cfpreetika/

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 15, 2025

Money
I am 39 year old s/w professional with combined income (with my wife) of over Rs. 6 lakhs p.m. I currently own a flat (current market value Rs. 1.75 cr), a plot worth Rs. 85 lakhs, MF of 10 lakhs, FD of Rs. 17 lakhs, shares worth Rs. 3 lakhs and bank balance of Rs. 6 lakhs. I have a term insurance for Rs. 1 cr. There is also an ancestral house worth Rs. 3 crores which I share equally with my brother. The plan is to dispose of the ancestral house and the plot in the next few years but retain the flat for my own use. I wish to retire by the age of 55 with a corpus of 15 cr. Can you suggest the way forward.
Ans: At 39, you and your wife earn over Rs. 6 lakhs monthly. This is a strong income. You already hold multiple assets across real estate, mutual funds, fixed deposits, shares, and bank balance. Having a clear vision to retire at 55 with Rs. 15 crore corpus is very inspiring. Many people avoid such clarity. Your planning mindset deserves appreciation.

» Current Asset Snapshot
– Flat worth Rs. 1.75 crore
– Plot worth Rs. 85 lakhs
– Mutual funds Rs. 10 lakhs
– FD Rs. 17 lakhs
– Shares Rs. 3 lakhs
– Bank balance Rs. 6 lakhs
– Ancestral house worth Rs. 3 crores, shared with brother
– Term insurance Rs. 1 crore

Your net worth is already significant. Real estate dominates. Liquid assets are smaller. But high monthly income gives scope to build financial assets faster.

» Retirement Goal Assessment
You aim for Rs. 15 crore at 55. That gives you 16 years. With disciplined savings and growth, this is achievable. Your combined income is strong enough. You also expect sale proceeds from ancestral house and plot. These can accelerate your corpus creation if reinvested wisely.

» Importance of Liquidity
Real estate forms bulk of your wealth. But real estate is less liquid. For retirement, liquidity is key. You need assets that give income and flexibility. Mutual funds, FDs, and stocks provide this. Selling ancestral house and plot will help shift wealth into financial assets. That will improve liquidity and diversification.

» Managing Sale of Ancestral House
Ancestral house worth Rs. 3 crore will be shared. Your share may be around Rs. 1.5 crore. Sale proceeds must not be reinvested into another property. Instead, channel into financial assets. Equity and debt mutual funds, with professional review, will balance growth and safety. This will push you closer to your Rs. 15 crore goal.

» Plot Sale Planning
You also plan to sell plot worth Rs. 85 lakhs. Timing sale carefully is important. Once sold, reinvest into actively managed mutual funds. Avoid index funds, as they track markets without downside protection. Active funds adjust strategies in different cycles. For your retirement horizon, active funds will suit better.

» Role of Mutual Funds Ahead
Right now, you hold Rs. 10 lakhs in mutual funds. This amount is small compared to overall wealth. You must systematically build this further. Once real estate sales happen, channel big part into mutual funds. Direct funds may look cheap but lack professional support. Regular funds through a Certified Financial Planner provide discipline, rebalancing, and tracking. At your wealth level, advice and monitoring are more important than small cost savings.

» Fixed Deposits and Bank Balance
You hold Rs. 17 lakhs in FD and Rs. 6 lakhs in bank. These are good for emergency and short-term needs. But FD returns are low after tax. Only keep limited money here. Rest must move into growth assets for long term. Keep 6 to 9 months of expenses in liquid form. Excess must be shifted for higher growth.

» Insurance Cover
You have Rs. 1 crore term cover. Given your income and dependents, this may not be enough. Insurance must cover your income replacement till retirement. A higher cover can be considered. It should take care of your wife and children in case of uncertainty. Insurance is protection, not investment. Only term plan is needed.

» Tax Planning Considerations
Mutual fund taxation must be kept in mind. On equity funds, long-term capital gains above Rs. 1.25 lakhs are taxed at 12.5%. Short-term gains are taxed at 20%. For debt funds, gains are taxed as per slab. With your high income, slab rate is high. So allocation towards equity mutual funds through long term is beneficial. Tax-efficient investing will help you reach retirement corpus faster.

» Need for Disciplined Savings
Even with high income, discipline is key. Lifestyle inflation can eat savings. At least 35–40% of monthly income must go into investments. You must set up systematic investments. With consistent saving and compounding, plus proceeds from property sales, your goal is realistic. Avoid frequent withdrawals or distractions into unnecessary property or products.

» Risks of Real Estate Dependence
Real estate feels comfortable but is illiquid. Prices fluctuate with demand. Selling may take time. Rental yields are also low. For retirement, you need predictable income flow. That cannot come from property alone. Therefore, shifting into financial assets is crucial. This improves control and flexibility.

» Stock Holdings
You hold Rs. 3 lakhs in shares. This is small. Direct stocks carry higher risk. Unless actively tracked, they may not give consistent returns. Shifting more wealth into diversified mutual funds is safer. They spread risk across sectors and companies.

» Balancing Growth and Safety
From age 39 to 55, you have 16 years. This allows equity exposure for growth. As you near retirement, gradually shift part into debt for safety. This way, volatility reduces. At retirement, you need stability of income. A Certified Financial Planner can create balanced asset allocation. This ensures growth now and safety later.

» Retirement Income Strategy
At 55, you want Rs. 15 crore. If reached, this corpus can provide comfortable income. From that, you can create systematic withdrawal plan. Equity portion will keep growing, debt will provide stability. This balance will give monthly income without eroding capital too fast.

» Importance of Estate Planning
You also have ancestral wealth. Clear documentation with your brother is important. Later, you must prepare a Will. This will ensure smooth transfer of your wealth to your wife and children. Estate planning avoids disputes and ensures legacy.

» Health and Protection Needs
With age, health expenses rise. Having strong health insurance is must. You and your wife must have family floater with adequate cover. Additional top-up cover is also useful. Health costs can disturb retirement plans if not protected.

» Finally
You are on the right track with assets and income. Target of Rs. 15 crore at 55 is possible. The key is to:
– Sell ancestral house and plot as planned
– Channel proceeds into actively managed mutual funds
– Increase term insurance cover
– Keep only limited FD and cash for emergencies
– Build retirement corpus with discipline
– Balance equity and debt allocation
– Ensure health and estate planning

If you keep focus and discipline, your retirement dream is achievable well on time.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

Naveenn

Naveenn Kummar  |235 Answers  |Ask -

Financial Planner, MF, Insurance Expert - Answered on Sep 18, 2025

Money
I am 39 year old s/w professional with combined income (with my wife) of over Rs. 6 lakhs p.m. I currently own a flat (current market value Rs. 1.75 cr), a plot worth Rs. 85 lakhs, MF of 10 lakhs, FD of Rs. 17 lakhs, shares worth Rs. 3 lakhs and bank balance of Rs. 6 lakhs. I have a term insurance for Rs. 1 cr. There is also an ancestral house worth Rs. 3 crores which I share equally with my brother. I am completely debt free. The plan is to dispose of the ancestral house and the plot in the next few years but retain the flat for my own use. I wish to retire by the age of 55 with a corpus of 15 cr. Can you suggest the way forward.
Ans: Dear Sir/Madam,

Thank you for sharing a detailed snapshot of your current financial position. You are 39 years old, debt-free, with strong real estate holdings and a good monthly earning capacity. Let us evaluate your situation and the way forward for your retirement goal of ?15 crores by age 55.

Current Portfolio

Flat (self-occupied): ?1.75 crore (to be retained)

Plot: ?0.85 crore (planned to be sold)

Ancestral house (50% share): ~?1.5 crore

Mutual Funds: ?10 lakhs

Fixed Deposits: ?17 lakhs

Shares: ?3 lakhs

Bank balance: ?6 lakhs

Term Insurance: ?1 crore

Liquid + Financial Assets now: ~?36 lakhs
Real Estate (saleable in future): ~?2.35 crore (plot + half share in ancestral property)

Goal:

Retirement at 55 (16 years away)

Corpus required: ?15 crore

Observations

Your income capacity is high (?6 lakh/month) — the biggest strength. If you can maintain an aggressive investment program, your target is realistic.

Your real estate liquidation in the next few years (~?2.35 crore inflow) can provide a big boost to your investible corpus.

Current financial corpus of ~?36 lakhs is modest compared to your goal, so systematic and disciplined investment is essential.

Suggested Roadmap

Property Proceeds:

On selling the plot + ancestral share, allocate ~70% into a diversified equity portfolio (Mutual Funds + Index Funds) and ~30% into debt (Bonds, Debt MFs, or FDs for stability).

This ensures both growth and risk control.

Monthly Investments:

Target investing at least ?2–2.5 lakhs per month into Mutual Funds (mix of Flexi-cap, Large-cap, Mid-cap, and Debt).

Keep FDs only for short-term needs and emergencies.

Asset Allocation:

Till age 50: Maintain ~70% Equity, 30% Debt.

From 50–55: Gradually reduce to ~55–60% Equity, 40–45% Debt.

This will balance growth and protect your corpus closer to retirement.

Risk Protection:

Increase Term Insurance to at least 2–3 crores given your current income and responsibilities.

Maintain Health Insurance for entire family (?25–50 lakhs cover advisable).

Projection (Illustrative):

If you invest ?2.5 lakh/month for 16 years at 11% CAGR → ~?11.5 crore

Adding proceeds from real estate (~?2.35 crore invested at 10% CAGR for 15 years) → ~?10 crore

Combined corpus = ~?21–22 crores (which gives a strong cushion over your target ?15 crore).

Conclusion

Yes, your goal of ?15 crore by 55 is achievable — provided you:

Liquidate real estate as planned and channel funds into market-linked investments.

Stay disciplined with large monthly SIPs.

Strengthen insurance protection.

Rebalance portfolio as you near retirement.

I would also recommend consulting a QPFP/Financial Planner for a detailed cash flow analysis and periodic reviews to stay on track.

Mutual Fund investments are subject to market risks. Read all scheme related documents carefully before investing.

Best regards,
Naveenn Kummar, BE, MBA, QPFP
Chief Financial Planner | AMFI Registered MFD
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Latest Questions
Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Dec 11, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 11, 2025Hindi
Money
Hello Sir, I am 56 yrs old with two sons, both married and settled. They are living on their own and managing their finances. I have around 2.5 Cr. invested in Direct Equity and 50L in Equity Mutual Funds. I have Another 50L savings in Bank and other secured investments. I am living in Delhi NCR in my owned parental house. I have two properties of current market worth of 2 Cr, giving a monthly rental of around 40K. I wish to retire and travel the world now with my wife. My approximate yearly expenditure on house hold and travel will be around 24 L per year. I want to know, if this corpus is enough for me to retire now and continue to live a comfortable life.
Ans: You have built a strong base. You have raised your sons well. They live independently. You and your wife now want a peaceful and enjoyable retired life. You have created wealth with discipline. You have no home loan. You live in your own house. This gives strength to your cash flow. Your savings across equity, mutual funds, and bank deposits show good clarity. I appreciate your careful preparation. You deserve a happy retired life with travel and comfort.

» Your Present Position
Your current financial position looks very steady. You hold direct equity of around Rs 2.5 Cr. You hold equity mutual funds worth Rs 50 lakh. You also have Rs 50 lakh in bank deposits and other secured savings. Your two rental properties add more comfort. You earn around Rs 40,000 per month from rent. You also live in your owned house in Delhi NCR. So you have no rent expense.

Your total net worth crosses Rs 5.5 Cr easily. This gives you a strong base for your retired life. You plan to spend around Rs 24 lakh per year for all expenses, including travel. This is reasonable for your lifestyle. Your savings can support this if planned well. You have built more than the minimum needed for a comfortable retired life.

» Your Key Strengths
You already enjoy many strengths. These strengths hold your plan together.

You have zero housing loan.

You have stable rental income.

You have children living independently.

You have a balanced mix of assets.

You have built wealth with discipline.

You have clear goals for travel and lifestyle.

You have strong liquidity with Rs 50 lakh in bank and secured savings.

These strengths reduce risk. They support a smooth retired life with less stress. They also help you handle inflation and medical costs better.

» Your Cash Flow Needs
Your yearly expense is around Rs 24 lakh. This includes travel, which is your main dream for retired life. A couple at your stage can keep this lifestyle if the cash flow is planned well. You need cash flow clarity for the next 30 years. Retirement at 56 can extend for three decades. So your wealth must support you for a long period.

Your rental income gives you around Rs 4.8 lakh per year. This covers almost 20% of your yearly spending. This reduces pressure on your investments. The rest can come from a planned withdrawal strategy from your financial assets.

You also have Rs 50 lakh in bank deposits. This acts as liquidity buffer. You can use this buffer for short-term and medium-term needs. You also have equity exposure. This can support long-term growth.

» Risk Capacity and Risk Need
Your risk capacity is moderate to high. This is because:

You own your home.

You have rental income.

Your children are financially independent.

You have large accumulated assets.

You have enough liquidity in bank deposits.

Your risk need is also moderate. You need growth because inflation will rise. Travel costs will rise. Medical costs will increase. Your lifestyle will change with age. Your equity portion helps you beat inflation. But your equity exposure must be managed well. You should avoid sudden large withdrawals from equity at the wrong time.

Your stability allows you to keep some portion in equity even during retired life. But you should avoid excessive risk through direct equity. Direct equity carries concentration risk. A balanced mix of high-quality mutual funds is safer in retired life.

» Direct Equity Risk in Retired Life
You hold around Rs 2.5 Cr in direct equity. This brings some concerns. Direct equity needs frequent tracking. It needs research. It carries single-stock risk. One mistake may reduce your capital. In retired life, you need stability, clarity, and lower volatility.

Direct funds inside mutual funds also bring challenges. Direct funds lack personalised support. Regular plans through a Mutual Fund Distributor with a Certified Financial Planner bring guidance and strategy. Regular funds also support better tracking and behaviour management in volatile markets. In retired life, proper handholding improves long-term stability.

Many people think direct funds save cost. But the value of advisory support through a CFP gives higher net gains over long periods. Direct plans also create more confusion in asset allocation for retirees.

» Mutual Funds as a Core Support
Actively managed mutual funds remain a strong pillar. They bring professional management and risk controls. They handle market cycles better than index funds. Index funds follow the market blindly. They do not help in volatile phases. They also offer no risk protection. They cannot manage quality of stocks.

Actively managed funds deliver better selection and risk handling. A retiree benefits from such active strategy. You should avoid index funds for a long retirement plan. You should prefer strong active funds under a disciplined review with a CFP-led MFD support.

» Why Regular Plans Work Better for Retirees
Direct plans give no guidance. Retired investors often face emotional decisions. Some panic during market fall. Some withdraw heavily during market rise. This harms wealth. Regular plan under a CFP-led MFD gives a relationship. It offers disciplined rebalancing. It improves long-term returns. It protects wealth from poor behaviour.

For retirees, the difference is huge. So shifting to regular plans for the mutual fund portion will help long-term stability.

» Your Withdrawal Strategy
A planned withdrawal strategy is key for your case. You should create three layers.

Short-Term Bucket
This comes from your bank deposits. This should hold at least 18 to 24 months of expenses. You already have Rs 50 lakh. This is enough to hold your short-term cash needs. You can use this for household costs and some travel. This avoids panic selling of equity during market downturn.

Medium-Term Bucket
This bucket can stay partly in low-volatility debt funds and partly in hybrid options. This should cover your next 5 to 7 years. This helps smoothen withdrawals. It gives regular cash flow. It reduces market shocks.

Long-Term Bucket
This can stay in high-quality equity mutual funds. This bucket helps beat inflation. This bucket helps fund your travel dreams in later years. This bucket also builds buffer for medical needs.

This three-bucket strategy protects your lifestyle. It also keeps discipline and clarity.

» Handling Property and Rental Income
Your properties give Rs 40,000 monthly rental. This helps your cash flow. You should maintain the property well. You should keep some funds aside for repairs. Do not depend fully on rental growth. Rental yields remain low. But your rental income reduces pressure on your investments. So keep the rental income as a steady support, not a primary source.

You should not plan more real estate purchase. Real estate brings low returns and poor liquidity. You already own enough. Holding more can hurt flexibility in retired life.

» Planning for Medical Costs
Medical costs rise faster than inflation. You and your wife need strong health coverage. You should maintain a reliable health insurance. You should also keep a medical fund from your bank deposits. You may keep around 3 to 4 lakh per year as a buffer for medical needs. Your bank savings support this.

Health coverage reduces stress on your long-term wealth. It also avoids large withdrawals from your growth assets.

» Travel Planning
Travel is your main dream now. You can plan your travel using your short-term and medium-term buckets. You can take funds annually from your liquidity bucket. You can avoid touching long-term equity assets for travel. This approach keeps your wealth stable.

You should plan travel for the next five years with a budget. You should adjust your travel based on markets and health. Do not use entire gains of equity for travel. Keep travel budget fixed. Add small adjustments only when needed.

» Inflation and Lifestyle Stability
Inflation will impact lifestyle. At Rs 24 lakh per year today, the cost may double in 12 to 14 years. Your equity exposure helps you beat this. But you need careful rebalancing. You also need disciplined review with a CFP-led MFD. This will help you manage inflation and maintain comfort.

Your lifestyle is stable because your children live independently. So your cash flow demand stays predictable. This makes your plan sustainable.

» Longevity Risk
Retirement at 56 means you may live till 85 or 90. Your plan should cover long years. Your total net worth of around Rs 5.5 Cr to Rs 6 Cr can support this. But you need a proper drawdown strategy. Avoid high withdrawals in early years. Keep your travel budget steady.

Do not depend on one asset class. A mix of debt and equity gives comfort. Keep your bank deposits as cushion.

» Succession and Estate Planning
Since you have two sons who are settled, you can plan a clear will. Clear distribution avoids conflict. You can also assign nominees across accounts. You can also review your legal papers. This gives peace to you and your family.

» Summary of Your Retirement Readiness
Based on your assets and cash flow, you are ready to retire. You have enough wealth. You have enough liquidity. You have enough income support from rent. You also have good asset mix. With proper planning, your lifestyle is comfortable.

You can retire now. But maintain a disciplined withdrawal strategy. Shift more reliance from direct equity into professionally managed mutual funds under regular plans. Keep your liquidity strong. Review once every year with a CFP.

Your wealth can support your travel dreams for many years. You can enjoy retired life with confidence.

» Finally
Your preparation is strong. Your intentions are clear. Your lifestyle needs are reasonable. Your assets support your dreams. With a balanced plan, steady review, and mindful spending, you can enjoy a comfortable retired life with your wife. You can travel the world without fear of running out of money. You deserve this peace and joy.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

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Dr Nagarajan J S K

Dr Nagarajan J S K   |2577 Answers  |Ask -

NEET, Medical, Pharmacy Careers - Answered on Dec 10, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 10, 2025Hindi
Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10879 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Dec 10, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Dec 10, 2025Hindi
Money
I am 47 years old. I have started investing in mutual fund (SIP) only since last one year due to some financial obligations. Currently I am investing Rs.33K per month in various SIPS. The details are: Kotak Mahindra Market Growth (Rs. 1500), Aditya BSL Low Duration Growth (Rs. 1400), HDFC Mid-cap Growth (Rs. 12000), Nippon India Large Cap Growth (Rs. 3000), Bandhan small cap (Rs. 5000), Motilal Oswal Flexicap Growth (Rs. 5000), ICICI Pru Flexicap growth (Rs. 5000). I have also started to invest Rs. 1,50,000 per year in PPF since last year. Can I sustain if I retire by the age of 62?
Ans: I can help you with your retirement planning.
You have given a very detailed picture of your investments.
You have also shown strong intent to build wealth at 47.
This itself is a big positive start.

Your Current Efforts

– You started late due to obligations.
– That is understandable.
– You still took charge.
– You now invest Rs.33K every month.
– You also invest Rs.1,50,000 a year in PPF.
– You follow discipline.
– You follow consistency.
– These habits matter the most.
– These habits will help your retirement.
– You deserve appreciation for this foundation.

» Your Current Investment Mix

– You invest in various equity funds.
– You also invest in one low duration debt fund.
– You invest across mid cap, large cap, flexi cap, and small cap.
– This gives you some spread.
– You also invest in PPF.
– PPF gives safety.
– PPF gives steady growth.
– This mix creates balance.

– Please note one point.
– You hold direct plans.
– Direct plans look cheaper outside.
– But they are not always helpful for long-term investors.
– Many investors pick wrong funds.
– Many investors track markets wrongly.
– Many investors redeem at wrong times.
– This affects returns more than the saved expense ratio.
– Regular plans through a MFD with CFP support give guidance.
– Regular plans also help you stay on track.
– Behaviour gap is a major cost in direct funds.
– Thus regular plans with CFP support work better for long-term investors.
– They can correct mistakes.
– They can help with asset mix.
– They can help you stay steady during market drops.
– This gives higher final wealth than direct funds in most cases.

» Your Retirement Age Goal

– You plan to retire at 62.
– You are 47 now.
– You have 15 years left.
– Fifteen years is still a strong time line.
– You can allow compounding to work well.
– Your corpus can grow meaningfully by 62.
– You can also improve your savings rate during this time.

» Assessing If Your Current Plan Supports Retirement

– There are many parts to assess.
– You need to look at your saving rate.
– You need to look at your growth rate.
– You need to look at your future lifestyle cost.
– You need to look at inflation.
– You need to look at post-retirement income need.
– You need to see if your present plan matches this.

– Right now, your total yearly investment is:
– Rs.33K per month in SIP.
– That is Rs.3,96,000 per year.
– Plus Rs.1,50,000 in PPF each year.
– So your total yearly investment is Rs.5,46,000.
– This is a good number.
– This can help your retirement journey.

» Understanding Equity Funds in Your Mix

– You invest in mid cap.
– Mid cap can give good growth.
– Mid cap also carries higher swings.
– You invest in small cap.
– Small cap is the most volatile.
– It can give high returns if held for long.
– But it needs patience.
– You invest in large cap exposure.
– Large cap gives stability.
– You invest in flexi cap.
– Flexi cap funds adjust strategy.
– Flexi cap funds give managers more control.
– Active management is useful in Indian markets.
– Fund managers can shift between market caps.
– They can pick good sectors.
– This improves return potential.
– This is a benefit that index funds do not have.
– Index funds just copy the index.
– Index funds do not avoid weak companies.
– Index funds cannot take smart calls.
– Index funds also rise in cost whenever the index churns.
– Active funds can protect downside.
– Active funds can find better opportunities.
– This is helpful for long-term wealth building.
– So your move towards active funds is fine.

» Understanding PPF in Your Mix

– Your PPF adds stability.
– It gives assured growth.
– It also gives tax benefits.
– It builds a stable part of your retirement base.
– It reduces overall risk in your portfolio.
– It works well over long years.
– You have also chosen a steady long-term asset.
– This is beneficial for retirement.

» Gaps That Need Attention

– Your funds are scattered.
– You hold too many schemes.
– Each additional scheme overlaps with others.
– This reduces impact.
– It also becomes hard to track.
– You can reduce your scheme count.
– A more focused mix can give smoother progress.
– Rebalancing becomes easier.
– You can keep fewer funds but maintain asset spread.
– You can also map each fund to a purpose.

– You also need clarity about your retirement income need.
– Many investors skip this.
– You must know how much money you need per month at 62.
– You must add inflation.
– You must add health needs.
– You must also add lifestyle goals.

» Your Future Lifestyle Cost

– Your cost will rise with inflation.
– Inflation affects food, transport, medical needs.
– Medical inflation is higher than normal inflation.
– Retirement planning must consider this.
– You also need to consider family responsibilities.
– You must consider emergencies.
– You must also consider rising cost of daily life.
– This helps estimate the required retirement corpus.

» Your Future Corpus From Current Savings

– Without giving strict numbers, you can expect growth.
– You invest steadily.
– You invest for 15 years.
– Your equity portion can grow better over long time.
– Your PPF gives predictable growth.
– Your mix can create a decent retirement base.
– But you will need to increase your SIP over time.
– You can raise your SIP by 5% to 10% each year.
– Even small increases help.
– This builds a stronger corpus.
– Your final retirement amount becomes much higher.

» Need for Periodic Review

– Markets change.
– Life situations change.
– Your goals may shift.
– Your income may rise.
– Your responsibilities may change.
– Review every year.
– Adjust as needed.
– A Certified Financial Planner can help.
– This gives clarity.
– This gives structure.
– This gives confidence.
– You can reduce mistakes.
– You can follow proper asset allocation.

» Asset Allocation Approach for Smooth Growth

– You must decide your ideal equity percentage.
– You must decide your ideal debt percentage.
– If you take too much equity, risk increases.
– If you take too little equity, growth reduces.
– You must keep balance.
– It must match your risk comfort.
– It must support your retirement goal.
– Right allocation brings discipline.
– Rebalancing once a year helps.
– Rebalancing controls emotion.
– Rebalancing increases long-term returns.
– Rebalancing keeps your portfolio healthy.

» Importance of Staying Invested During Market Swings

– Markets move up and down.
– Swings are normal.
– Equity grows over long time.
– Equity needs patience.
– People often fear drops.
– They exit at wrong time.
– This hurts long-term wealth.
– You must stay steady.
– You must trust your long-term plan.
– You must follow guidance.
– This improves retirement success.

» Avoiding Common Mistakes

– Many investors pick funds based on recent returns.
– This is risky.
– Fund selection needs deeper view.
– Fund must match your risk.
– Fund must match your time horizon.
– Fund must have consistent process.
– Fund must show reliable pattern.
– Avoid sudden changes.
– Avoid chasing trends.
– Stay with a disciplined plan.
– This ensures better results.

– You must avoid mixing too many categories.
– Focused mix works better.
– Smaller set makes control easy.
– This reduces confusion.

– Do not rely on direct funds for long-term goals.
– Direct funds lack guided support.
– Behavioral mistakes cost more than the lower expense ratio.
– Regular plans help you stay invested.
– They help avoid panic.
– They help during reviews.
– They help create proper asset allocation.
– They help you use the fund in the right way.
– Investment discipline is more important than low cost.
– Regular plans with CFP support deliver this discipline.

» Inflation Protection Through Growth Assets

– Equity protects from inflation.
– PPF adds safety.
– Balanced mix protects your purchasing power.
– Retirement needs this balance.
– Long-term equity portion helps create a healthy corpus.
– This allows you to meet rising living cost.

» How to Strengthen Your Retirement Plan From Now

– Increase SIP every year.
– Even slight hikes help.
– Be consistent.
– Avoid stopping during market drops.
– Do a yearly check-up.
– Reduce scheme count.
– Keep a clear structure.
– Assign each fund a purpose.
– Build an emergency fund.
– This will protect your SIP flow.
– Continue PPF.
– It gives stability.
– It protects your long-term needs.

» Possibility of Sustaining Life After Retirement

– Yes, you can sustain.
– But it depends on three things:
– Your future living cost.
– Your total corpus at retirement.
– Your discipline during retirement.

– If you continue your present saving, your base will grow.
– If you raise your SIP each year, your base will grow faster.
– If you keep a proper asset mix, your base will grow safely.
– If you avoid emotional mistakes, your base will stay strong.
– If you review yearly, your plan will stay on track.

– So sustaining life after retirement is possible.
– You just need stronger structure.
– You also need steady guidance.
– This ensures confidence.

» Retirement Income Planning After Age 62

– Your retirement income must come from a mix.
– Part from equity.
– Part from debt.
– Part from stable instruments.
– Do not depend on one source.
– Plan your withdrawal pattern.
– Take small and stable withdrawals.
– Keep some equity even after retirement.
– This helps your corpus last longer.
– Do not shift everything to debt at retirement.
– That reduces growth too much.
– Balanced approach keeps your money alive.
– This supports your life for long years.

» Health and Emergency Preparedness

– Health costs rise fast.
– You must plan for it.
– Keep health insurance active.
– Keep top-up if needed.
– Keep separate emergency money.
– Do not depend on your investments during emergencies.
– Emergency fund protects your retirement portfolio.
– This keeps compounding intact.
– You can handle shocks with ease.

» Tax Awareness

– Be aware of mutual fund tax rules.
– Equity long-term gains above Rs.1.25 lakh per year are taxed at 12.5%.
– Equity short-term gains are taxed at 20%.
– Debt funds are taxed as per your slab.
– Plan redemptions wisely.
– Do not redeem often.
– Keep long-term horizon.
– This reduces tax impact.
– This helps wealth building.

» Summary of Your Retirement Possibility

– You have a good start.
– You have a workable time frame.
– You have a steady contribution.
– You must refine your portfolio.
– You must increase SIP yearly.
– You must reduce scheme count.
– You must follow asset allocation.
– You must stay disciplined.
– You must get yearly review from a CFP.
– If you follow these, you can reach a healthy retirement base.

» Final Insights

– You are on the right path.
– You have taken the key step by starting.
– You can still create a strong retirement corpus even at 47.
– Fifteen years is enough if you stay consistent.
– Your mix of equity and PPF is good.
– With discipline and structure, your future can stay secure.
– With yearly guidance, you can avoid mistakes.
– With increased SIP, you can boost your corpus.
– You can aim for a peaceful and confident retirement at 62.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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