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Mihir

Mihir Tanna  |1089 Answers  |Ask -

Tax Expert - Answered on Apr 26, 2024

Mihir Ashok Tanna, who works with a well-known chartered accountancy firm in Mumbai, has more than 15 years of experience in direct taxation.
He handles various kinds of matters related to direct tax such as PAN/ TAN application; compliance including ITR, TDS return filing; issuance/ filing of statutory forms like Form 15CB, Form 61A, etc; application u/s 10(46); application for condonation of delay; application for lower/ nil TDS certificate; transfer pricing and study report; advisory/ opinion on direct tax matters; handling various income-tax notices; compounding application on show cause for TDS default; verification of books for TDS/ TCS/ equalisation levy compliance; application for pending income-tax demand and refund; charitable trust taxation and compliance; income-tax scrutiny and CIT(A) for all types of taxpayers including individuals, firms, LLPs, corporates, trusts, non-resident individuals and companies.
He regularly represents clients before the income tax authorities including the commissioner of income tax (appeal).... more
VA Question by VA on Mar 20, 2024Hindi
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I have only income from interest from saving bank a/c and from LTCG by selling of equity mutual funds, as a housewife. Can I get the zero tax advantage by totaling the above 2 sources amounting upto Rs 7 lacs pa under new Tax regime or Rs 5 Lacs pa in FY 2023-24 . Need your clarification urgently. If possible kindly explain with example.....Thanks

Ans: If an resident individual's total taxable income is up to Rs.7 lakh and chooses the new tax regime, he will be eligible for rebate of lower of the following:

an amount of income tax payable on his total income or
an amount up to Rs 25,000

E.g. if you have earned STCG from MF taxable @15% and tax on same is say Rs.15000. If you have taxable bank interest (after 80TTA deduction) and tax on same is 10000. Total tax will be Rs.25000 and rebate of 25000 is available, accordingly, net tax payable will be NIL
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Mihir

Mihir Tanna  |1089 Answers  |Ask -

Tax Expert - Answered on Nov 07, 2022

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Money
Good Morning. I am a fan of yours and read you severally on Rediff replying queries of various Tax Problems. Sir, now I have a tax query and earnestly request you to resolve that which is as follows: My query is: I booked an under construction flat worth Rs.45.00 lacs which is scheduled to be ready for procession in year F.Y.2025-26. Now I sold shares worth Rs. 10,00,000/- and total amount paid to builder in F.Y.2022-23. Out of shares sold my LTCG IS Rs.700,000/-. Can I claim exemption for LTCG to that amount only which is given as advance in corresponding year? Again in F.Y. 2023-24 I will pay Rs.20,00,000/- by selling shares and LTCG of Rs.10,00,000/-. Can I claim Exemption for LTCG? Same process will happen in next 2 F.Ys. till procession of my new Flat. Can I claim exemption on LTCG on sale of shares in each financial year? Please also guide to fill ITR also for claiming above exemption in parts.
Ans: In respect of capital gains you can claim exemption from long term capital gains if the net sale consideration is invested in booking an under construction house. You get an extended period of three years to get possession in case it is booked with a developer.

In case the sale consideration is not fully invested in the residential house before filing of the Income Tax Return, the unutilised money has to be deposited with a bank under Capital Gains Account Scheme. The money deposited can be utilised within the prescribed period for payment of house.

You have to keep in mind that to claim this exemption, you should not own more than one residential house property on the date of sale of the shares except the one in respect of which you are claiming the exemption.

So once you claim exemption in FY 22 23, it is not advisable to claim exemption against gain earned in subsequent years.

In Income Tax Return, you can show the amount invested in property as exemption u/s 54F and if the entire 10 lakh consideration can not be invested in property then open CG account and show amount in ITR accordingly.

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10848 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jun 11, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Jun 04, 2024Hindi
Money
Hi, my package is around12lpa. I hv invested in PPF for 3k SIP and 5k SIP in mutual funds, HRA with 20k monthly rent. Still I hv my tax deducted monthly around 5-8k. Can u help me in wat ways can I invest and wer do I need to invest that would help me in zero tax cut
Ans: Understanding Your Financial Situation
Income and Tax Structure
Your annual package is Rs 12 lakh, translating to Rs 1 lakh per month. You currently invest Rs 3,000 in PPF and Rs 5,000 in mutual funds via SIPs. You also pay Rs 20,000 per month as rent. Despite these investments and deductions, your monthly tax deduction ranges from Rs 5,000 to Rs 8,000. Let's delve deeper into optimizing your investments and tax planning.

Monthly Breakdown
Monthly Income: Rs 1,00,000
Rent: Rs 20,000
PPF SIP: Rs 3,000
Mutual Fund SIP: Rs 5,000
Tax Deduction: Rs 5,000 to Rs 8,000
Maximizing Tax Savings
Section 80C Investments
You can claim deductions up to Rs 1.5 lakh under Section 80C. Currently, you are investing Rs 3,000 per month in PPF, totaling Rs 36,000 annually. You can optimize this section further.

Public Provident Fund (PPF)
PPF offers a safe investment with attractive interest rates and tax benefits. Continue with your current PPF SIP and consider increasing it if possible.

Current Annual Investment: Rs 3,000 * 12 = Rs 36,000
Potential Increase: Aim for Rs 1.5 lakh annually to maximize the Section 80C limit.
Equity-Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS)
ELSS mutual funds are tax-saving instruments with a lock-in period of three years. They offer the dual benefit of tax savings and potential market-linked returns.

Annual Investment: Consider allocating a portion of your Rs 5,000 SIP towards ELSS funds.
Lock-in Period: 3 years
Potential Returns: Higher than traditional instruments but with market risk.
Section 80D: Health Insurance
Premiums paid for health insurance policies qualify for tax deductions under Section 80D. This can include policies for yourself, your spouse, children, and dependent parents.

Health Insurance Premiums
Self, Spouse, and Children: Deduction up to Rs 25,000.
Parents (Below 60): Additional deduction up to Rs 25,000.
Parents (Above 60): Additional deduction up to Rs 50,000.
Benefits
Tax Savings: Up to Rs 75,000 if parents are senior citizens.
Health Coverage: Ensures financial support during medical emergencies.
Section 80E: Education Loan Interest
Interest paid on education loans for higher studies can be claimed as a deduction under Section 80E. This deduction is available for a maximum of 8 years or until the interest is fully repaid, whichever is earlier.

Education Loan Interest
Eligibility: Loans taken for higher education of self, spouse, or children.
No Upper Limit: The entire interest amount is deductible.
Section 80G: Donations
Donations made to specified charitable institutions and relief funds are eligible for deductions under Section 80G. The deduction can be either 50% or 100% of the donation amount, depending on the type of institution.

Charitable Donations
Eligible Donations: Donations to specified funds, NGOs, and charitable institutions.
Deduction: 50% or 100% of the donation amount.
Documentation: Ensure proper receipts and documentation for claiming the deduction.
Section 24(b): Home Loan Interest
Interest paid on a home loan for a self-occupied property is deductible up to Rs 2 lakh under Section 24(b). This deduction is over and above the Section 80C limit.

Home Loan Interest
Self-Occupied Property: Deduction up to Rs 2 lakh.
Rented Property: Entire interest amount deductible without any upper limit.
Principal Repayment: Eligible under Section 80C within the Rs 1.5 lakh limit.
Investment Planning
Diversifying Investments
Diversification helps in spreading risk and optimizing returns. Your current investments are a good start, but further diversification can enhance your portfolio.

Mutual Funds
Mutual funds offer a range of investment options across different asset classes. Diversify your mutual fund investments across equity, debt, and hybrid funds.

Equity Funds: For long-term growth and higher returns.
Debt Funds: For stability and regular income.
Hybrid Funds: For a balanced approach combining equity and debt.
Employee Provident Fund (EPF)
EPF is a retirement benefits scheme available to salaried employees. Contributions to EPF qualify for tax deductions under Section 80C.

Employee Contribution: 12% of basic salary.
Employer Contribution: 12% of basic salary.
Tax Benefits: Employee's contribution qualifies under Section 80C.
National Pension System (NPS)
NPS is a government-backed pension scheme offering tax benefits under Section 80C and an additional Rs 50,000 under Section 80CCD(1B).

Section 80C: Contribution up to Rs 1.5 lakh.
Section 80CCD(1B): Additional Rs 50,000.
Tax Savings: Up to Rs 2 lakh in total.
Additional Tax Saving Strategies
House Rent Allowance (HRA)
HRA can be claimed if you live in rented accommodation. The deduction is the least of the following:

Actual HRA received: Rs 20,000 per month.
50% of Salary (Metro): 50% of Rs 1,00,000 = Rs 50,000 per month.
Rent Paid – 10% of Salary: Rs 20,000 - Rs 10,000 = Rs 10,000 per month.
Optimizing HRA Claim
Ensure you have rent receipts and rental agreement documentation. Claim the maximum allowable deduction based on actual rent paid.

Leave Travel Allowance (LTA)
LTA can be claimed for travel expenses incurred for trips within India. It can be claimed twice in a block of four years.

LTA Claim
Eligibility: Travel expenses for self, spouse, children, and dependent parents.
Exemptions: Actual travel expenses (travel fare only, not food or accommodation).
Documentation: Maintain proper travel tickets and receipts.
Tax-Free Allowances and Perquisites
Certain allowances and perquisites provided by employers are tax-free. These can include meal coupons, telephone reimbursements, and conveyance allowances.

Utilizing Tax-Free Allowances
Meal Coupons: Up to Rs 50 per meal is tax-free.
Telephone Reimbursements: Actual expenses incurred for official purposes.
Conveyance Allowance: Up to Rs 1,600 per month is tax-free.
Regular Review and Rebalancing
Importance of Portfolio Review
Regularly reviewing your portfolio ensures it remains aligned with your goals and market conditions. Rebalancing helps maintain the desired asset allocation.

Quarterly Review: Assess the performance and make necessary adjustments.
Annual Review: Reevaluate your financial plan based on changes in income, expenses, or goals.
Professional Guidance
Benefits of Consulting a Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
A CFP provides personalized advice, helping you achieve your financial goals efficiently.

Tailored Strategies: CFPs design investment strategies based on your specific needs and risk tolerance.
Regular Monitoring: They monitor your portfolio and suggest timely adjustments to optimize returns.
Comprehensive Planning: CFPs assist in tax planning, retirement planning, and estate planning, ensuring holistic financial health.
Actively Managed Funds vs Direct Funds
Disadvantages of Index Funds
While index funds offer low costs, they may not provide the best returns. Actively managed funds, despite higher fees, aim to outperform the market.

Expert Management: Fund managers actively select stocks to generate higher returns.
Flexibility: Actively managed funds can adapt to market changes, potentially reducing losses.
Disadvantages of Direct Funds
Direct mutual funds require investor expertise and regular monitoring. Without professional guidance, there’s a risk of poor investment decisions.

Complexity: Direct funds demand more time and knowledge to manage effectively.
Risk of Underperformance: Investors may not achieve optimal returns without proper guidance.
Final Insights
By optimizing your tax-saving investments and making strategic contributions, you can significantly reduce your taxable income. Utilize Section 80C, 80D, 80E, and other sections effectively. Diversify your investments across different asset classes and seek professional guidance for personalized advice. Regularly review and rebalance your portfolio to stay aligned with your financial goals.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

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Anu

Anu Krishna  |1735 Answers  |Ask -

Relationships Expert, Mind Coach - Answered on Nov 18, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Nov 11, 2025Hindi
Relationship
Dear madam I have this suitaution in my life. Plz do guide me with this. So i have 2 married sisters and a brother with who i dont get along well. We used to be close back then. Later on my father passed away and then i got busy searching work. After getting work i got carried away with my newly found friendship with a boy i started spending much on him rather then my family. But still then i never neglected my family every kind of help i tried to give them. In the meanwhile i used to take care of my bedridden grandmother who used to stay in another state. Then my second sister started feeding everyone's mind against me saying i dont help them with money and i spend most on my grandmother and cousin. Though my sister were earning well still they waited me to spend on them which i stopped by then as they were earning. And there used to be a real good fight with my sisters and me regarding money issue and als my marriage thing and i gave them bitter words and also curses which i regret to this day thinking how could i do hated thing to my family .In next few years my sister got married but my second sister never invited me for her marriage and did all her wedding plans in my absence and i als never attended her wedding. I attended my 3rd sister wedding. After that my second sister plotted a plan against me by taking everyone on her side and kept me out of all the family functions. I just ignored them and decided to never to get bothered by any of this. Now the problem my 3rd sister is pregnant and they have planned a babyshower and like they are just telling me to attend it. To be honest they just told me a day before the function. How to handle this. Should i attend? And how to deal with such kind of people they seem to take advantage of my helpless. Please guide me on how to become a strong girl while taking desicion.
Ans: Dear Anonymous,
Learn the skill of staying away from all this drama. If you felt secure with who you are, you wouldn't think much whether you got invited or not. Do remember, people will be on your side sometimes and not on your side at other times. This goes for friends are family; so learn to be comfortable with that...
What you did for your grandmother is a choice that you made; why expect anything in return?
Life lived with least expectations is certainly a happier life...counting what people did or didn't do will take away your peace!
Real strength is not in fighting it out but knowing when to walk away from constant drama.

All the best!
Anu Krishna
Mind Coach|NLP Trainer|Author
Drop in: www.unfear.io
Reach me: Facebook: anukrish07/ AND LinkedIn: anukrishna-joyofserving/

...Read more

Anu

Anu Krishna  |1735 Answers  |Ask -

Relationships Expert, Mind Coach - Answered on Nov 18, 2025

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |10848 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Nov 17, 2025

Money
Dear Sir, What is the best % of SWP one can think of from Portfolio value. I am retired now and have say 1 Cr as MF and Share portfolio. I want to go for 40000 SWP per month thereby making 4.8% as SWP. If this is good to have this for 15 yrs
Ans: Your question shows great care for your financial future. Many retirees ignore this step. You have already taken a wise move. You want steady income. You want safety. You want long life for your money. These are very important points. I truly appreciate your clarity.

» Understanding your present plan
Your idea is simple. You have Rs 1 crore. You want Rs 40000 each month. This means Rs 4.8 lakh each year. That is 4.8 percent of your money. This is not very high. This is not very low. It sits in the middle range. Many retirees try for 7 or 8 percent. That can put pressure on the portfolio. Your 4.8 percent is more reasonable. It supports discipline. It keeps stress low.

Your idea is for 15 years. That is a good time frame. It gives space for your funds to grow. It gives time for market cycles. It also gives time for inflation adjustments.

» Why withdrawal rate matters
Your SWP rate decides how long your money will last. A high rate can drain funds soon. A very low rate may not support your monthly needs. Your 4.8 percent sits well. It balances life needs and portfolio health.

When you draw money from a mixed portfolio, the growth side helps refill your withdrawn money. The stability side helps reduce fall during bad years. This mix helps the SWP stay steady.

» Why a proper structure is important
A SWP is not only a monthly withdrawal. It is a full system. The system needs planning. It needs regular reviews. It needs a clear asset split. It needs a cushion for weak market years.

If you set this structure well now, your SWP can stay safe. Your money can stretch for many years. You can keep peace of mind.

» The importance of a balanced mix
Your portfolio may hold equity funds, hybrid funds, and debt funds. A clear mix reduces risk. It gives smooth cash flow. Equity gives growth. Debt gives steady flow. Hybrid gives balance.

Because you want monthly income for 15 years, you need a balance that supports steady SWP. A pure equity plan can shake too much. A pure debt plan may not grow at a good pace. A balanced mix is ideal.

» Equity funds need careful use
Some investors put large money in equity for SWP. This can work in strong markets. This can fail in weak markets. Your SWP must survive both market moods. That is why pure equity for SWP is not safe.

Also, you should prefer actively managed funds over index funds for long SWP. Index funds follow the index blindly. They do not manage risk actively. They cannot adjust to market cycles. Actively managed funds have a professional fund manager. A skilled manager helps in limiting risk in low years. This helps protect principal in SWP years. This support is not present in index funds.

» Debt funds form the stabiliser
Debt funds bring peace to the portfolio. They help during bad market years. They help the SWP stay steady. Because debt funds follow market rates, they work as the anchor. For SWP, this anchor is very helpful.

If you use direct debt funds, you must remember that direct funds need more tracking. They need active reviews by you. Many retired investors find this hard. Regular plans taken through a qualified Mutual Fund Distributor with CFP skill provide guidance. Regular plans also give handholding. This handholding helps avoid wrong exits.

» How to view your Rs 40000 monthly need
You may need some money for basic needs. You may need some money for health care. You may need some money for family support. You may need some money for personal comfort. Rs 40000 per month seems a balanced number.

It does not put too much pressure on the money. It is not a very heavy load. It fits well with a Rs 1 crore fund.

» Inflation needs attention
Inflation will rise. Costs will rise. Your need will rise. Your SWP should rise slowly over time. You cannot fix your SWP for 15 years at one number. That may reduce your buying power.

A small rise every two or three years will help you beat inflation. This rise must be slow. It must match your portfolio growth.

» Risk of sharp market falls
Sharp falls can disturb SWP. A sudden big drop in equity value can pull down your portfolio. This may cause you to withdraw when market is low. That is not good. To fix this, you need enough stability in your mix.

A proper allocation in debt funds and hybrid funds can reduce this issue. You will get smoother cash flow. You will not have to worry about market news every day.

» Role of emergency money
Please keep an emergency amount. Keep this aside. Do not include it in your SWP plan. You may need money for urgent health needs. You may need money for home needs. Emergency funds help you avoid sudden selling.

A good emergency fund gives peace. It protects your SWP from sudden shocks.

» Tax rules for withdrawals
Every SWP withdrawal may include some gains. Tax will apply based on the type of fund and the gain period. This tax can have impact on net flow. You must plan for this in your withdrawal design.

Equity fund rules:

Gains under one year are short-term. These are taxed at 20 percent.

Gains above one year are long-term. Long-term gains above Rs 1.25 lakh are taxed at 12.5 percent.

Debt fund rules:

Both short-term and long-term gains are taxed as per your tax slab.

This tax part should not scare you. A proper plan can reduce the tax burden. A planned SWP can help you manage gains carefully.

» Why a Certified Financial Planner helps
You may handle small things by yourself. But retirement planning is delicate. One wrong move can disturb the whole plan. A Certified Financial Planner gives a clear road map. He helps you set the best mix. He reviews the plan every year. He adjusts the plan for market and life events.

This guidance is very useful in SWP because SWP needs discipline.

» Why not consider real estate
Some retirees think of using real estate for income. But real estate needs heavy work. It needs tenant work. It needs repair work. It needs legal care. It gives lumpy income. It gives no steady flow. So it is not fit for SWP planning.

Your present goal is steady income. Real estate will not give this.

» Why not consider annuities
Annuities give fixed income. But they lock your money. They give low returns. They do not beat inflation well. They reduce flexibility. For these reasons, they are not ideal for your long-term income.

Your idea of SWP with balanced mix is better.

» Keeping your portfolio healthy for 15 years
To keep your portfolio safe for 15 years, you must follow some habits:

Review every year with a Certified Financial Planner.

Adjust asset mix if needed.

Increase SWP amount slowly.

Reduce SWP for one or two years if markets fall very deep.

Protect your money from emotional moves.

Keep a two-year buffer in a low-risk fund.

Keep your growth part running for long.

These habits help your money last for the full 15-year horizon.

» Regular review helps you adapt
Markets will change. Your health may change. Your needs may change. A yearly review will help align your plan. It will help spot issues early. It will help guide the next year’s SWP.

Without reviews, even good plans can fail.

» Why a two-year cushion helps
A cushion fund is a simple idea. Keep two years of SWP in a low-risk debt fund. This money helps you draw income even in bad market years. You will not need to sell equity in weak phases. This protects your overall money. This makes your SWP more stable.

This cushion fund is an extra shield. It supports your 15-year income plan.

» Role of diversification
Your SWP works best when your portfolio is spread well. A spread can include:

Actively managed equity funds.

Hybrid funds.

Debt funds.

This spread reduces risk. It gives smoothness. It supports long-term income.

Avoid using too many funds. Keep it simple. A small number of quality funds is better.

» How your 4.8 percent looks in practice
A 4.8 percent withdrawal rate is comfortable for a 15-year horizon. If you follow discipline, your money will not face heavy pressure. If your portfolio grows at a steady pace, your principal will not erode fast. Even if growth shifts between years, the mixed structure will protect you.

Your plan is workable. It is sensible. It is future-friendly.

» Mistakes to avoid
Here are some mistakes you should avoid:

Do not chase high-return funds.

Do not raise SWP sharply in one year.

Do not keep too much money in equity.

Do not stop reviews.

Do not shift funds often without reason.

Do not look at direct plans if you prefer guidance.

These mistakes can disturb your portfolio health. Your SWP may suffer.

» Why not use direct funds if you need support
Direct plans give lower cost. But they give no guidance. Retired investors often need guidance. They need reviews. They need discipline. A regular plan through a qualified Mutual Fund Distributor with CFP skill gives support. It prevents panic reactions. This support is valuable in low market years.

» Healthy mindset for SWP
Try to see your SWP as a long journey. It needs calm mind. It needs steady steps. It needs slow corrections. It needs patience. If you stay steady, your SWP will stay healthy. You will enjoy peace.

» Practical steps you can start now
You may start with these steps:

Set clear needs for each year.

Fix a proper asset split.

Create a cushion fund for two years.

Start SWP from a low-risk fund or hybrid fund.

Keep equity for growth.

Add small hikes in SWP every few years.

This system supports long-term income.

» How your plan supports a joyful retired life
Your plan helps you live with comfort. It gives predictable cash flow. It gives you freedom from worry. It gives you clarity. You can focus on health, family, and peace. You do not need to watch markets each day.

Your retirement life becomes balanced.

» Final Insights
Your idea of taking Rs 40000 per month from a Rs 1 crore portfolio at 4.8 percent is workable. It fits well for a 15-year horizon. It supports your income. It protects your money if you set a balanced mix. You must follow steady reviews. You must keep a small cushion. You must avoid risky moves.

With these practices, your SWP plan can stay healthy for many years. Your future can stay peaceful and steady. You have already taken the right first step. Your clarity gives your plan strong power.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

Dr Nagarajan J S K

Dr Nagarajan J S K   |2567 Answers  |Ask -

NEET, Medical, Pharmacy Careers - Answered on Nov 17, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Nov 17, 2025Hindi
Career
Is it worthwhile being an mbbs only doctor in India or is pg necessary as somebody who cannot toil 24-36 hours (as is the case with hospital duties) and is not well adequate for working under somebody and then do you still have to study after mbbs to level up or will you be contented with just mbbs. Pls don't answer objectively i really need to see the real picture
Ans: Hi Dr.
Recently, I've seen many different comments on social media suggesting that finding a job after completing an MBBS is very difficult, with some graduates even working as delivery boys.

I believe MBBS is one of the few courses that allows for immediate entrepreneurship after graduation, while other fields often require additional support to start a business. Many medical shop owners are willing to provide a small space for consultations, which is not typically an option for graduates in other disciplines.

If you are financially constrained, it may be wise to stop after completing your MBBS degree for the time being. However, pursuing a postgraduate degree (PG) significantly increases your opportunities, including potential roles in the pharmaceutical industry. Without a PG, your options may be limited. It's akin to the difference between a normal grocery store and a supermarket: completing a PG can lead to positions in corporate medical hospitals.

Initially, you might consider working at a smaller practice or in the government sector before pursuing higher education. While having an MBBS degree allows you to offer consultations, having a PG provides you with more credibility and knowledge. Understand your strengths and weaknesses, and don’t worry about others—proceed based on your own abilities and circumstances.
BEST WISHES.

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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