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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 30, 2025

Ramalingam Kalirajan has over 23 years of experience in mutual funds and financial planning.
He has an MBA in finance from the University of Madras and is a certified financial planner.
He is the director and chief financial planner at Holistic Investment, a Chennai-based firm that offers financial planning and wealth management advice.... more
Priya Question by Priya on May 30, 2025
Money

Dear Sir, I would like to know if there are any mutual fund options that can also give me regular returns ?

Ans: Yes, your query is very thoughtful.

There are mutual funds that offer regular income options.

Let us look at them in detail.

 
 

Monthly Income Through Mutual Funds
Some hybrid mutual funds aim to give regular cash flows.

 
 

These are ideal for retirees or those needing monthly income.

 
 

But these payouts are not guaranteed like bank FDs.

 
 

The amount and frequency can vary based on scheme performance.

 
 

These funds offer dividend payout options or Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP).

 
 

What is a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)?
SWP allows you to withdraw a fixed amount regularly.

 
 

You invest a lump sum, and take out fixed money monthly.

 
 

Your capital stays invested and continues to grow.

 
 

This is more tax-efficient than FD interest.

 
 

It gives you more control than choosing dividend option.

 
 

Why Regular Mutual Funds via CFP is Better
Always invest through regular plans with CFP guidance.

 
 

Avoid direct plans as they give no advisory support.

 
 

Also avoid index funds, as they don’t help in personal goal planning.

 
 

A CFP helps to select best performing active funds for regular cash flow.

 
 

He will also help you design SWP as per your monthly needs.

 
 

Points to Keep in Mind
SWP works best when capital stays for long-term.

 
 

Avoid withdrawing more than what your fund earns yearly.

 
 

Taxation depends on fund type and holding period.

 
 

For equity funds, LTCG above Rs 1.25 lakh is taxed at 12.5%.

 
 

STCG is taxed at 20% for equity mutual funds.

 
 

For debt funds, all gains are taxed as per your income slab.

 
 

Sample Planning Approach
First, calculate your monthly cash flow need.

 
 

Choose a suitable hybrid or equity mutual fund.

 
 

Invest a lump sum or grow it through SIP.

 
 

Start SWP after 1–2 years, if needed.

 
 

Review SWP and portfolio yearly with your CFP.

 
 

Don’t withdraw in falling markets unless urgent.

 
 

This is a professional way to create passive income.

It also gives your capital a chance to grow.

 
 

Best Regards,
 
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP
 
Chief Financial Planner,
 
www.holisticinvestment.in
 
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 06, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - May 06, 2024Hindi
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Hi could you please tell me in which mutual funds should i invest in and would give me good returns
Ans: Mutual fund selection depends on various factors such as your financial goals, risk tolerance, investment horizon, and asset allocation preferences. Here are some popular mutual fund categories you may consider for potentially good returns:

Large Cap Funds:
Large-cap funds invest in well-established companies with stable earnings and strong market presence.
These funds offer relatively lower risk compared to mid and small-cap funds and are suitable for investors with a conservative risk appetite.
Mid Cap and Small Cap Funds:
Mid and small-cap funds invest in companies with high growth potential but higher volatility.
These funds can generate higher returns over the long term but come with increased risk. They are suitable for investors with a higher risk tolerance and longer investment horizon.
Multi Cap or Flexi Cap Funds:
Multi-cap or flexi cap funds have the flexibility to invest across large, mid, and small-cap stocks based on market conditions.
These funds offer diversification benefits and can adapt to changing market dynamics, making them suitable for investors seeking balanced growth opportunities.
Sector Funds:
Sector funds focus on specific sectors or industries such as technology, healthcare, or banking.
These funds can provide opportunities for higher returns if the selected sector outperforms the broader market. However, they also carry higher sector-specific risks.
Index Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs):
Index funds and ETFs replicate the performance of a specific market index such as the Nifty or Sensex.
These funds offer low expense ratios and are ideal for investors seeking passive investment options with diversified exposure to the equity market.
Debt Funds:
Debt funds invest in fixed-income securities such as government bonds, corporate bonds, and money market instruments.
These funds provide stability and regular income, making them suitable for conservative investors or those with short-term investment goals.
Before investing, assess your financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon. Consider consulting with a Certified Financial Planner or mutual fund advisor to create a personalized investment plan tailored to your needs and objectives. Regularly review your portfolio and make adjustments as needed to stay on track towards achieving your financial goals.

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 09, 2024

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Hi sir can you suggest the which mutual funds give high return
Ans: Choosing mutual funds solely based on past returns can be risky as past performance may not necessarily indicate future performance. Instead, it's essential to consider various factors such as investment objectives, risk tolerance, and investment horizon. Here are some tips to help you select mutual funds that may potentially offer higher returns:

Investment Goals: Determine your investment goals, whether it's wealth creation, retirement planning, or saving for a specific goal. Different goals may require different investment strategies and risk profiles.
Risk Tolerance: Assess your risk tolerance to determine how much volatility you can tolerate in your investment portfolio. Higher returns often come with higher risk, so it's crucial to align your investments with your risk tolerance.
Diversification: Invest in a diversified portfolio of mutual funds across various asset classes such as equity, debt, and international funds. Diversification can help reduce overall portfolio risk and enhance long-term returns.
Fund Manager's Track Record: Evaluate the track record and experience of the fund manager managing the mutual fund. A skilled and experienced fund manager can make a significant difference in fund performance over the long term.
Expense Ratio: Consider the expense ratio of the mutual fund, which represents the annual fees charged by the fund house for managing the fund. Lower expense ratios can translate to higher returns for investors over time.
Consistency of Performance: Look for mutual funds that have demonstrated consistent performance over different market cycles rather than just focusing on short-term returns. Consistency indicates the fund's ability to deliver returns across various market conditions.
Fund House Reputation: Choose mutual funds offered by reputable fund houses with a strong track record of managing investor funds responsibly and ethically.
Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor the performance of your mutual fund investments and review your investment strategy periodically to ensure it remains aligned with your financial goals and risk tolerance.
Remember, there's no guarantee of high returns in mutual fund investments, and it's crucial to invest with a long-term perspective while diversifying your portfolio appropriately.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 27, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Jul 15, 2024Hindi
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Money
I am retired I want to invest my retirement amount for regular income.kindly advice best mutual fund
Ans: Assessing Your Needs
Investing your retirement corpus requires a strategic approach. The goal is to generate regular income while preserving your capital. As a retiree, it's crucial to strike a balance between safety and returns.

Understanding Your Financial Situation
Retirement Status: You are retired.
Income Requirement: Regular income from investments.
Risk Tolerance: Likely low to moderate.
Investment Strategy
To ensure regular income, you need a diversified portfolio. This portfolio should include a mix of equity and debt investments. Here's a breakdown:

Debt Mutual Funds
Debt mutual funds provide stable returns with lower risk. They are ideal for regular income.

Short-term Debt Funds: These funds are less volatile and provide steady income.
Long-term Debt Funds: These funds offer higher returns but come with slightly higher risk.
Hybrid Mutual Funds
Hybrid funds invest in both equity and debt. They balance growth and stability.

Balanced Advantage Funds: These funds adjust the equity-debt ratio based on market conditions.
Monthly Income Plans (MIPs): These funds focus on providing monthly income through a mix of debt and equity.
Equity Mutual Funds
Equity funds offer higher returns but come with higher risk. A small portion of your portfolio can be allocated here for growth.

Large-cap Funds: These funds invest in large, established companies with stable returns.
Dividend Yield Funds: These funds invest in companies that pay regular dividends.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)
SWP allows you to withdraw a fixed amount from your mutual fund investments regularly. This ensures a steady cash flow.

Regular Income: Set up an SWP to withdraw monthly income.
Capital Preservation: Only a portion of your returns is withdrawn, preserving your capital.
Health Insurance
Ensure you have adequate health insurance coverage. Medical expenses can erode your retirement savings.

Adequate Coverage: Review and increase your health insurance coverage if needed.
Critical Illness Cover: Consider adding a critical illness cover for added protection.
Emergency Fund
Maintain an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses. This fund should be easily accessible.

Liquid Assets: Keep 6-12 months' worth of expenses in a liquid fund or savings account.
Regular Review and Adjustments
Regularly review your investment portfolio. Adjust based on market conditions and changing needs.

Annual Review: Conduct an annual review of your investments.
Rebalance Portfolio: Adjust the equity-debt ratio based on performance and risk tolerance.
Final Insights
Investing for regular income in retirement requires careful planning. A diversified portfolio with debt, hybrid, and equity funds can provide steady income and capital preservation. Regular reviews and adjustments will ensure your investments align with your financial goals.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Latest Questions
Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jun 21, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Jun 21, 2025Hindi
Money
I am 49. I have 1.25 cr in MF, 1 cr in PF and 1.5 cr in ULIP, lock in of another 10 years. Life cover of 5 cr. No home loan. And liquid funds of 50 L. Want to retire at 55. Currently monthly salary of 6 Lacs in hand. Current monthly expenses of 3 lacs. Expected monthly expenses post retirement would be 2 Lacs. Son has just started college. Daughter in 7th std. What should be my corpus for comfortable retirement.
Ans: Your question reflects a proactive and responsible approach to retirement planning. At 49, with your income, lifestyle, and responsibilities, you are rightly positioned to plan ahead. Let us evaluate your financials from a 360-degree perspective.

Retirement Planning Assessment
You wish to retire at 55. That gives you only six more years of earning.
Post-retirement, you expect to spend Rs 2 lakhs per month.

This means:

Rs 24 lakhs per year of retirement expenses.

You may live till 85 or beyond.

That is 30 years of retirement expenses.

Inflation will increase your monthly costs over time.
Even at a modest 6%, Rs 2 lakhs a month can double in 12 years.
You will need a rising income stream during retirement.

You already have a good foundation:

Rs 1.25 crore in mutual funds.

Rs 1 crore in provident fund.

Rs 1.5 crore in ULIP.

Rs 50 lakhs in liquid funds.

Rs 6 lakhs monthly income.

No home loan.

Now let’s assess how to use these wisely.

Estimating the Required Retirement Corpus
Let us first understand your key retirement goals:

Retire at 55.

Spend Rs 2 lakhs per month initially.

Leave enough for spouse and dependents if needed.

Your retirement corpus must cover:

At least 30 years of living expenses.

Unexpected health costs.

Costs of children’s support, if required.

To maintain a rising cash flow for 30 years, you will need:

Approx. Rs 7.5 to 8 crore in today’s value.

This includes buffers for longevity and inflation.

This assumes conservative investment growth during retirement.

Income Vs Expense Gap Analysis
You currently earn Rs 6 lakhs per month.
Your expenses are Rs 3 lakhs per month.
That leaves Rs 3 lakhs monthly surplus.

This surplus must be used to build your corpus wisely.
You have only six working years left.
Every month of saving counts now.

Your future Rs 2 lakh monthly expense will rise over time.
You must plan for increasing cash flow year after year.

Review of Existing Portfolio
Let us assess the suitability of your assets for retirement.

Mutual Funds – Rs 1.25 crore
A healthy component of your portfolio.

Should be diversified across equity and hybrid categories.

Ensure they are actively managed and reviewed by a Certified Financial Planner.

Avoid direct plans if you are not confident in portfolio review.

Regular plans through a qualified MFD with CFP help ongoing monitoring.

Why avoid direct plans?

No guidance or rebalancing help.

No goal mapping or emotional support during market cycles.

Risk of misaligned portfolios.

Provident Fund – Rs 1 crore
Provides stable and safe capital.

Keep it for the long term.

Do not withdraw it early unless critical.

It can be annuitized gradually post-retirement via SWP-based instruments.

ULIP – Rs 1.5 crore
Lock-in for 10 more years.

Continue only if returns are decent and allocation is equity-oriented.

Do not mix insurance and investment going forward.

After lock-in, redeem gradually and shift to mutual funds.

If IRR is below 8%, consider surrendering after maturity.
Then reinvest in actively managed funds.

Liquid Funds – Rs 50 lakhs
Keep Rs 25 lakhs as emergency and buffer corpus.

Balance Rs 25 lakhs can be shifted to low-duration hybrid funds.

Use them to build retirement-focused buckets.

Children's Education and Support
Your son has just entered college.
Education expenses over the next 4–5 years may be high.

Your daughter is in 7th std.
She will need college funding after 5–6 years.

You must set aside at least Rs 1 crore for both children’s needs.
This includes UG and PG education, possibly abroad.
This fund should grow safely and steadily.

Do not use retirement savings for children’s education.
Keep this goal separate and defined.

Monthly Investment Allocation till Age 55
You are left with Rs 3 lakh every month after expenses.
This must be optimised to build the required Rs 8 crore corpus.

Here’s a suggested split:

Rs 1.5 lakh monthly in actively managed equity mutual funds.

Rs 50,000 in hybrid aggressive funds.

Rs 50,000 in balanced advantage funds.

Rs 50,000 to build child education corpus (separate folio).

All these through regular plans, monitored by an MFD with CFP.

Why Not Index Funds
You might be tempted by the low-cost promise of index funds.
But consider these facts before opting:

Index funds cannot beat the market.

They follow the market blindly, without risk control.

No downside protection in volatile years.

No active stock selection, even if sector is underperforming.

No opportunity to rebalance or shift strategy dynamically.

Actively managed funds, guided by experts:

Help manage volatility.

Adjust to market changes.

Have potential for higher returns.

Offer personalised advice through CFP-monitored investment.

For your complex and large goal, you need an expert-led approach.

Ideal Asset Allocation Post Retirement
At retirement, you must switch to a safer, cash-flow-focused structure.
You will need a “bucket approach” to manage this.

Bucket 1 – First 5 years

Low duration funds

Monthly income generation through SWP

Covers regular expenses

Bucket 2 – Years 6–15

Hybrid and balanced funds

Offers growth with some stability

Replenishes Bucket 1 every 5 years

Bucket 3 – Year 16 onwards

Equity mutual funds

For long-term inflation-adjusted returns

Can be accessed after 15 years for big expenses

Each bucket must be reviewed annually by a Certified Financial Planner.
Do not try this alone.

Insurance Sufficiency
You mentioned life cover of Rs 5 crore.
Ensure it is a plain term cover.

You have no loans.
Still, you must retain this cover till your daughter is financially independent.

Review premium cost vs necessity after 10 years.
Avoid ULIP or investment-cum-insurance for future purchases.

Health insurance is not mentioned.
Ensure you and your spouse have at least Rs 25–30 lakh floater health cover.
Also, consider a super top-up.

Tax Efficiency Planning
Post-retirement, tax planning becomes very important.

Use SWP from mutual funds for steady monthly income.

It is more tax-efficient than annuities or FDs.

Under new tax rules:

LTCG above Rs 1.25 lakh on equity funds taxed at 12.5%

STCG taxed at 20%

Debt fund gains taxed as per your slab

Withdraw funds strategically to reduce tax outgo.
A Certified Financial Planner can help design a withdrawal plan.

Final Insights
You are financially disciplined and already ahead of many.
Still, the next 6 years are crucial.

You must:

Invest aggressively and consistently.

Avoid emotional investing.

Keep insurance and investment separate.

Plan children’s education with separate funds.

Avoid low-return products and blind index strategies.

Use expert-guided regular mutual fund investments.

Your ideal retirement corpus should be around Rs 8 crore.
You can achieve this if the next 6 years are used optimally.
Start working with a Certified Financial Planner to build the right framework.

Let every rupee you earn now have a purpose.
Plan well. Retire strong. Live with peace.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9028 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jun 21, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Jun 21, 2025Hindi
Money
I am 49. I have 1.25 cr in MF, 1 cr in PF and 1.5 cr in ULIP, lock in of another 10 years. Life cover of 5 cr. MF SIP of 1 lac a month. No home loan. And liquid funds of 50 L. Want to retire at 55. Currently monthly salary of 6 Lacs in hand. Current monthly expenses of 3 lacs. Expected monthly expenses post retirement would be 2 Lacs. Son has just started college. Daughter in 7th std. What should be my corpus for comfortable retirement.
Ans: Your discipline and foresight are truly praiseworthy. You are in a strong financial position. Yet, retirement planning needs sharper clarity. Let’s look at your plan from every angle to ensure a comfortable and confident retirement at 55.

Your Current Financial Strength
You are 49. Planning to retire at 55. That gives 6 more earning years.

Monthly income: Rs 6 lakhs in hand.

Monthly expenses: Rs 3 lakhs now. Estimated Rs 2 lakhs post-retirement.

MF corpus: Rs 1.25 crore. Monthly SIP: Rs 1 lakh.

PF: Rs 1 crore.

ULIP: Rs 1.5 crore. Lock-in for 10 more years.

Life insurance cover: Rs 5 crore.

Liquid funds: Rs 50 lakhs.

No loans. That is excellent.

This is a solid foundation. Many families at your stage have liabilities. You have none. That itself gives you more flexibility.

Understanding Retirement Lifestyle
Retirement is not just about expenses. It is about lifestyle stability.

You aim for Rs 2 lakhs monthly expense post-retirement.

That means Rs 24 lakhs yearly.

Factor inflation at 6%. Real cost will keep increasing.

You may live till 85–90. So, plan for at least 30 years post-retirement.

Your expenses won’t remain flat. Education costs for your daughter, health care, lifestyle upgrades, possible travel—all need attention.

Expense Planning for Children
Son is in college now. Expenses will rise for next 3–4 years.

Daughter is in 7th. Her higher education costs will start in 5–6 years.

That will continue into early retirement years.

Education costs today are high. But they rise faster than general inflation. Allocate separately for this. Don't link retirement corpus with education funding.

Existing Investment Review
Let’s assess your current assets. Each has its purpose. But their efficiency matters.

Mutual Funds:

Rs 1.25 crore is growing.

Rs 1 lakh monthly SIP is highly commendable.

Continue SIP without stopping till retirement.

Please ensure you invest in regular mutual funds. Avoid direct plans.

Why?

Direct plans look cheaper but need constant tracking.

You may miss portfolio rebalancing at right time.

MFDs with CFP credentials offer strategy, not just execution.

Regular plans give you human advice and handholding. This avoids behavioural mistakes.

Avoid index funds too. Many believe they are low-cost and better. But they lack flexibility.

Why not Index Funds?

They don’t beat the market. They just copy it.

No downside protection.

Actively managed funds give better asset allocation and risk control.

A skilled fund manager can switch to stronger sectors early.

In a volatile market, index funds suffer more.

Provident Fund (PF):

Rs 1 crore is growing safely.

Do not touch this till retirement.

It provides safe and steady returns. Helps in post-retirement cash flow.

ULIP:

You hold Rs 1.5 crore in ULIP.

Lock-in for 10 more years. So, it overlaps post-retirement phase.

Since you already have Rs 5 crore life cover, ULIP's insurance part is not needed.

ULIPs combine investment with insurance. That makes them inefficient.

ULIP charges reduce real returns.

Once lock-in ends, plan to surrender and reinvest in mutual funds.

That will give better control and transparency.

Liquid Funds:

Rs 50 lakhs is excellent buffer.

Keep 6 months of expenses here always.

Balance can be used for short-term goals.

Insurance Cover Analysis
Life cover of Rs 5 crore is solid.

Ensure it's pure term insurance. Avoid investment-linked ones.

At 49, premiums will be higher. But term plans protect your family.

Don’t reduce cover till both kids are settled.

Also, check for medical insurance:

Health inflation is real. Hospital costs double every 5–6 years.

Ensure you and your spouse have independent health insurance.

Group cover from job will stop after retirement.

Take a family floater now, while you are healthy.

Ideal Retirement Corpus: Estimating the Need
Let’s estimate what you will need for a peaceful retirement:

You plan to retire in 6 years.

Expenses today: Rs 3 lakhs/month.

Post-retirement: Rs 2 lakhs/month expected.

After inflation, this will be around Rs 3.2 to 3.5 lakhs/month at age 55.

You’ll need Rs 40–45 lakhs per year at retirement, increasing yearly with inflation.

To fund this for 30 years:

You need a corpus that gives monthly income.

That corpus must beat inflation.

Should give return above 6–7% post-tax.

You would ideally need between Rs 7 crore to Rs 9 crore in today's value. This includes all investment assets (not primary residence or life cover).

You Are on Track, With Refinement
Right now, your assets total approx. Rs 4.25 crore.

MF: Rs 1.25 crore

PF: Rs 1 crore

ULIP: Rs 1.5 crore

Liquid Funds: Rs 50 lakhs

With Rs 1 lakh monthly SIP, this will grow well over next 6 years. Your PF and ULIP will continue compounding too. If markets grow reasonably, your corpus can reach Rs 8–9 crore by age 55. That puts you on track.

But some focus is still needed:

What You Should Do From Now
1. Maintain SIP without pause

Rs 1 lakh per month must continue till age 55.

Rebalance portfolio every year.

Use a Certified Financial Planner for this. They bring clarity and personalisation.

2. Keep insurance cover intact

Don’t reduce life cover until children are independent.

Check health insurance now. Get an individual plan.

3. Don’t touch PF and ULIP till 55

Let them compound. Avoid premature moves.

Once ULIP matures, shift to mutual funds.

4. Track expense inflation every year

Expenses won’t stay flat.

Adjust corpus estimation yearly.

5. Education funding should be separate

Create an education fund for both children.

Don’t link this to retirement.

6. Liquid funds can support emergencies

Don’t invest liquid funds aggressively.

Keep Rs 20–25 lakhs always in easily accessible form.

Portfolio Structure After Retirement
Once retired, your strategy must change. Growth is not the only goal now. Stability matters.

Split portfolio as:

30% in debt funds (stable returns)

60% in equity mutual funds (long-term growth)

10% in liquid/ultra short-term (for 1 year cash needs)

Review every 6–12 months. Use Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) to get monthly income. This reduces tax burden too.

Taxation on mutual funds:

LTCG above Rs 1.25 lakh taxed at 12.5%

STCG taxed at 20%

Debt fund gains taxed as per your slab

So, keep your withdrawals planned and balanced.

Finally
You are on the right path already. What you need now is sharpening and simplification.

Track your goal every year.

Revisit your plan often.

Avoid over-diversifying. Stick to a tight, well-reviewed portfolio.

Don’t mix insurance and investment again.

Avoid temptation to withdraw before retirement.

With proper tracking and guidance, you will have a comfortable retirement life. You can support your children’s dreams, enjoy peace, and meet your expenses with ease.

Keep it simple. Stay consistent. And review annually with a Certified Financial Planner.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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