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Drowning in Debt: Can a Student Escape 12 Lakh Rupee Burden?

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7026 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Nov 14, 2024

Ramalingam Kalirajan has over 23 years of experience in mutual funds and financial planning.
He has an MBA in finance from the University of Madras and is a certified financial planner.
He is the director and chief financial planner at Holistic Investment, a Chennai-based firm that offers financial planning and wealth management advice.... more
Asked by Anonymous - Nov 13, 2024Hindi
Money

Sir i am in 12 lakh rupees debt.I am student .I have no earning sources and no savings also.Im my family there is my mother only.please guide sir.please help sir.

Ans: I appreciate your courage to seek help during these challenging times. As a Certified Financial Planner, I'll provide you with a 360-degree plan to help you overcome your debt. Let's work step-by-step to ease your burden.

Understanding Your Financial Situation
Your current debt of Rs 12 lakh is a significant challenge. However, with the right approach, it is possible to clear it.

Since you are a student with no current earnings, we will need to take a strategic approach to manage and eventually eliminate your debt.

It's crucial to remain calm, take control, and focus on practical solutions. We will also look at how to reduce financial stress on your mother.

Immediate Steps to Reduce Debt Pressure
Prioritise Your Expenses: Identify necessary expenses and cut down on any non-essential spending. Every rupee saved can be directed toward reducing your debt.

Speak to Your Creditors: If you have taken loans from banks or other institutions, consider reaching out to them. Many lenders offer restructuring options for those who are genuinely struggling.

Explore Moratorium Options: Some banks may provide a temporary pause on repayments. If this is available, it can provide short-term relief.

Avoid Taking More Loans: It may seem tempting to take another loan to pay off existing debt, but this can worsen your financial situation.

Seek Family or Community Support: If possible, reach out to extended family members or friends who may be able to support you, even if it's a small amount. This can help reduce the burden temporarily.

Exploring Income Opportunities
Since you are currently a student, let’s explore ways you can earn without impacting your studies.

Freelancing: Look for online freelance work in areas like content writing, graphic design, tutoring, or data entry. These are often flexible and can provide some income.

Part-Time Jobs: Explore part-time jobs in your area, such as teaching, retail work, or any other skill you possess.

Online Teaching: If you have expertise in certain subjects, platforms like Chegg or Byju’s offer tutoring jobs. This can be a good source of income.

Use Your Hobbies: If you have any hobbies like photography, painting, or crafting, consider selling your creations online. Websites like Etsy or social media platforms can help you reach buyers.

These small income streams may not solve your debt immediately, but they can ease some of your financial pressures.

Financial Relief Programs and Scholarships
Government Schemes: Check if there are any government relief schemes available for students or families with financial hardships. These could offer temporary support.

Scholarships and Grants: Since you are a student, explore scholarships, grants, or financial aid programs that may be available. This can help reduce your educational expenses.

NGO Support: Certain non-profit organisations provide assistance to families in debt. Reach out to them for any support.

Protecting Your Mother's Finances
It is essential to protect your mother from taking on more financial burdens. If your family has any LIC policies, ULIPs, or other investment-cum-insurance plans, it might be worth exploring if surrendering these can provide some cash flow.

However, consult with a Certified Financial Planner before surrendering any insurance policies. This will help you understand the financial impact and ensure you do not lose coverage unnecessarily.

Building a Long-Term Strategy
Focus on Education and Skill Development: Your education is your best asset right now. Concentrate on completing your studies and developing skills that can lead to higher-paying job opportunities in the future.

Create a Debt Repayment Plan: Once you have a steady income, create a structured plan to repay your debt. Focus on high-interest debts first.

Emergency Fund: Once you are earning, start building a small emergency fund to handle unforeseen expenses. This will prevent future debt.

Investing for Future: As you stabilise your finances, consider investing through mutual funds to build wealth. But for now, focus on reducing debt.

Some Final Insights
Overcoming debt will take time, effort, and persistence. The journey will not be easy, but it is definitely possible.

Focus on income generation, reducing expenses, and gradually paying off your debt. With determination, you can come out of this difficult phase.

Do not hesitate to reach out for help whenever needed. Financial struggles are tough, but seeking support from community, friends, or professionals can ease the burden.

Remember, every small step you take will contribute to improving your financial health. Stay strong and keep moving forward.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7026 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 26, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Apr 02, 2024Hindi
Money
Hai sir, I have debt of 12 lakhs which includes 3 lakhs of Gold loan. due to the volatility in stock market I lost all the money from past 2 years. Mostly at present am jobless can u advice anything.
Ans: I'm sorry to hear about your financial troubles. It's challenging to navigate such situations, but with a well-structured plan, you can overcome these difficulties. Let's outline a strategy to help you manage your debt and get back on track.

Assessing Your Current Situation
Understanding Your Debt

You have a total debt of Rs. 12 lakhs, including a Rs. 3 lakh gold loan. Identifying the terms and interest rates of these debts is crucial.

Current Income and Job Status

Being jobless adds to the financial strain. Finding a steady source of income is essential for managing and repaying your debts.

Immediate Steps to Manage Debt
Prioritize Debt Payments

Focus on debts with the highest interest rates first. This strategy helps reduce the overall interest burden.

Gold Loan Repayment

Gold loans often have high-interest rates. Prioritize repaying this loan to reduce interest costs. If possible, negotiate with the lender for better terms.

Finding a New Job
Job Search Strategies

Update your resume and apply for jobs in your field. Use online job portals, attend job fairs, and network with industry professionals.

Skill Enhancement

Consider upskilling or reskilling to improve your job prospects. Online courses and certifications can make you more competitive in the job market.

Alternative Income Sources
Freelancing and Part-Time Jobs

Explore freelancing opportunities or part-time jobs to generate immediate income. Websites like Upwork, Freelancer, and local classifieds can help.

Gig Economy

Consider gig economy jobs like ride-sharing, food delivery, or tutoring. These jobs offer flexible hours and can provide a steady income stream.

Budgeting and Expense Management
Create a Budget

Develop a detailed budget to manage your income and expenses. Prioritize essential expenses and debt repayments.

Cut Unnecessary Expenses

Identify and eliminate non-essential expenses. Every rupee saved can be directed towards debt repayment and essential needs.

Financial Planning and Support
Seek Professional Help

Engage a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) for personalized advice. A CFP can help you create a debt repayment plan and provide guidance on managing your finances.

Debt Counseling

Consider professional debt counseling services. They can assist in negotiating with creditors and creating manageable repayment plans.

Emergency Fund
Build an Emergency Fund

Start building a small emergency fund, even if it's a modest amount. This fund will provide financial security for unexpected expenses.

Health Insurance
Ensure Health Coverage

Maintain adequate health insurance coverage. Medical emergencies can add to financial stress, so having insurance is crucial.

Long-term Financial Strategy
Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs)

Once you stabilize your income, consider starting SIPs in mutual funds. SIPs instill financial discipline and help in wealth accumulation over time.

Diversified Portfolio

Invest in a diversified portfolio to manage risk and optimize returns. Focus on a mix of equity, debt, and other financial instruments.

Avoiding High-Risk Investments
Stock Market Caution

Given your past losses in the stock market, avoid high-risk investments for now. Focus on stable and reliable investment options.

Benefits of Actively Managed Funds

Actively managed funds, handled by skilled fund managers, can offer better returns and manage risk more effectively than index funds.

Emotional and Mental Health Support
Seek Support

Financial stress can take a toll on your mental health. Seek support from family, friends, or professional counselors.

Stay Positive

Maintain a positive outlook and focus on your progress. Financial difficulties are temporary, and with a structured plan, you can overcome them.

Practical Implementation
Monthly Review

Conduct monthly reviews of your financial situation. Track your progress in debt repayment, income generation, and expense management.

Adjust Strategies

Be flexible and adjust your strategies as needed. Monitor your financial health regularly and make necessary changes.

Document Progress

Keep detailed records of your financial transactions, debt repayments, and income sources. This documentation helps in tracking progress and making informed decisions.

Building a Financial Cushion
Savings Plan

Once your immediate debt pressure eases, start building a financial cushion. Regular savings can provide security and buffer against future financial challenges.

Investment Strategy

Develop a long-term investment strategy. Investing in diversified portfolios can help grow your wealth and provide financial stability.

Conclusion
Managing a debt of Rs. 12 lakhs while being jobless is challenging but achievable. Prioritize debt repayments, find a steady income source, and manage your expenses. Seek professional guidance from a Certified Financial Planner for a structured and personalized plan.

Stay committed to your financial goals, remain positive, and seek support when needed. With persistence and strategic planning, you can navigate through this challenging phase and achieve financial stability.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7026 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Aug 22, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Jun 15, 2024Hindi
Money
Sir my monthly salary is 20625 and I took a personal loan of 300000 lacs multiple loan app last 2 year and I have credit card also but with my daily expenses I couldn't pay the total emis and bills so I took some credit from cred application it's almost 100000 lacs and now I'm unable to pay any of them as my salary is very low to pay so many emis I can't stop thinking about all this I'm facing anxiety and depression due to debts. I want to come out of this debt and get clean from all this problem. I want to save money and live a normal life. I couldn't share it with anyone also. My father us retired and he couldn't help me.
Ans: You’re facing a tough financial challenge, and it’s understandable. Managing multiple loans and credit card debts on a low salary is stressful. You’ve taken a loan of Rs. 3,00,000 and additional credit of Rs. 1,00,000, leading to overwhelming EMIs. Your daily expenses make it hard to manage these debts, causing anxiety and depression. Let's explore a plan to get you out of this situation and towards financial stability.

Prioritising Mental Health
First and foremost, your mental health is crucial. Financial stress can take a heavy toll. Please know that you’re not alone, and it’s okay to seek help. Talking to a trusted friend, family member, or professional can ease the burden. Remember, mental well-being is as important as financial stability.

Assessing Your Debts
Let’s break down your debts:

Personal Loans: Rs. 3,00,000
Credit Card Debt: Rs. 1,00,000
Your total debt stands at Rs. 4,00,000. Given your monthly salary of Rs. 20,625, this debt load is unsustainable. The first step is to understand the exact EMIs and interest rates associated with each loan and credit card.

Creating a Debt Repayment Plan
1. List All Debts

Write down all your debts with their respective EMIs, interest rates, and remaining balances. This helps you see the full picture.

2. Prioritise High-Interest Debts

Focus on paying off high-interest debts first, usually credit cards. These debts grow faster due to high interest, making them harder to repay if not tackled early.

3. Debt Consolidation

If possible, consolidate your loans. This means combining all your loans into one with a lower interest rate. It simplifies repayment and reduces the overall interest burden. Contact your bank for options. They may offer a consolidation loan.

4. Negotiate with Creditors

Approach your creditors and explain your situation. Sometimes, they can offer reduced EMIs, lower interest rates, or extend the loan tenure. This can ease your monthly payment burden.

5. Avoid Taking More Loans

It’s crucial to stop borrowing more money. Avoid any more personal loans or credit. Taking more loans will only worsen your financial situation.

6. Automate Payments

Set up automatic payments for your EMIs. This ensures that you don’t miss payments and incur late fees, which add to your debt.

Cutting Down Expenses
1. Create a Budget

List your essential expenses—rent, groceries, utilities—and allocate your salary accordingly. See where you can cut down unnecessary spending.

2. Reduce Discretionary Spending

Limit spending on non-essentials like dining out, entertainment, and shopping. Redirect this money towards paying off your debt.

3. Focus on Essentials

Stick to spending on essentials only. Avoid any luxury purchases until your financial situation improves.

Exploring Additional Income Sources
1. Part-Time Work

Consider taking up part-time or freelance work. Even a few extra hours a week can significantly increase your income, helping you pay off debts faster.

2. Sell Unnecessary Assets

If you have items at home that you no longer need—gadgets, furniture, etc.—consider selling them. The extra money can be used to pay off debts.

3. Rent Out Space

If you have extra space in your home, consider renting it out. This could bring in additional income to help with debt repayment.

Building an Emergency Fund
Even while paying off debts, it’s essential to build a small emergency fund. Start with a goal of Rs. 5,000. This fund is for unexpected expenses, so you don’t need to rely on credit cards or loans in emergencies.

Planning for the Future
1. Start Small Savings

Once you’ve stabilised your debt situation, start saving a small portion of your income. Even Rs. 500 a month can make a difference over time.

2. Invest Wisely

When you’re ready, consider investing in mutual funds through a Certified Financial Planner (CFP). Start with small SIPs. These offer better returns than traditional savings methods like FDs.

3. Focus on Long-Term Goals

Think about your long-term financial goals—buying a house, retirement, etc. Start planning for these once your debts are under control.

Final Insights
You’ve acknowledged your financial difficulties, which is the first step toward solving them. With a structured plan and disciplined approach, you can overcome this challenge. Focus on repaying high-interest debts first, reduce unnecessary expenses, and explore additional income sources. Building a small emergency fund and planning for future investments are also key steps.

Remember, there’s a way out of every problem. It might take time, but with persistence, you can regain control over your finances and live a stress-free life.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |7026 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Oct 15, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Oct 15, 2024Hindi
Listen
Money
Sir I have a debt of 10 lakhs with no income right now.
Ans: You currently have a debt of Rs 10 lakhs, but no income at the moment. This can seem overwhelming, but with proper planning, you can overcome it. The key is to stay focused and work towards improving your financial position step by step.

Prioritising Debt Management
Paying off your debt should be your first priority. Without a regular income, it can be challenging, but you have options to consider. Let's break it down into actionable steps:

Assess Your Current Expenses: List down all your monthly expenses. This will help you identify areas where you can cut costs. The goal is to reduce unnecessary spending until you are back on track.

Consider a Side Income: Even if you don’t have a regular job, explore other avenues for generating income. Freelancing, part-time work, or online services can help you start earning something, even if it's small.

Approach Lenders for Restructuring: Reach out to your lender or bank. Explain your situation and explore the possibility of restructuring your loan. Many banks offer relief options for borrowers struggling with repayment, such as extending the tenure or reducing the EMI.

Prioritise High-Interest Debt: If this debt has a high-interest rate, it’s important to pay it off as soon as you can. High-interest debt grows quickly, making it more difficult to clear in the long run.

Loan Consolidation Options
If you have multiple loans, consolidating them might be a good option. It allows you to combine your loans into one, usually at a lower interest rate. This can ease the financial burden by reducing your monthly EMI.

Loan Consolidation: Explore personal loan consolidation options if available. This can help bring down the overall interest rate and make repayment more manageable.

Debt Counselling: In case the situation worsens, debt counselling services can offer professional help. They can negotiate with creditors and help you set up a more affordable repayment plan.

Focus on Building an Emergency Fund
Even though your priority is paying off the debt, it is essential to have some financial safety net. Once you start earning, set aside a small amount for emergencies. Having even Rs 5,000 to Rs 10,000 as an emergency fund can make a big difference.

Small Contributions: Even with limited income, putting aside small amounts for emergencies is a good habit. This way, if any sudden expenses arise, you won’t have to take on more debt.
Long-Term Financial Stability
Once you regain your income, your focus should shift to not only paying off the debt but also building a stable financial future.

Systematic Savings: Once you are in a better financial position, start small investments in a savings plan or recurring deposit to develop the habit of saving regularly.

Building Retirement Corpus: When your financial situation stabilises, consider contributing to your PF or NPS for retirement. You can increase contributions once your debt is cleared.

Avoid Unnecessary Loans
During this phase, avoid taking any new loans or credit cards. More debt will only make the situation worse. Focus on clearing what you owe before considering any new credit.

Insurance for Financial Security
In case you don’t already have insurance, getting a basic health insurance plan is essential once your income stabilises. It prevents unexpected medical costs from derailing your financial progress.

Health Insurance: Start with a small cover if you don’t already have one. This will protect you and your family from sudden large medical bills.

Term Insurance: Once you have a steady income, a term insurance plan ensures that your dependents are financially protected in case anything happens to you.

Final Insights
Managing debt without income is difficult but not impossible. Your focus should be on reducing expenses, seeking additional sources of income, and restructuring your loan. Once you are back on your feet financially, build savings for emergencies and long-term goals. Avoid taking on new debt, and ensure that you protect your financial future with insurance.

By following these steps, you will gradually improve your financial health and move towards a debt-free future.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

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Dr Shyam Jamalabad  |78 Answers  |Ask -

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Dr. Shyam, I had my teeth cleaned 6 months ago and after that was done I saw discoloration on certain teeth that wasn't there before. Years ago I had my teeth cleaned and one particular tooth after the cleaning was sensitive to touch. I had a crown put in from two different dental offices. The first one did the crown right, but was trying to charge me $3,500 more than the agreement they made with Medicare. Medicare corrected that. I other dentist did a crown and it didn't go all the way up to my gums and is sensitive to especially cold things. I'm not having very good experiences with dentist by and large. Can't find an honest one or one that can actually do the job right. I feel being on Medicare your a target to bring in money. Not sure what to do next. Supposed to go back and have them redo the crown that didn't go to my gums, but it also was ttd place to didn't clean my teeth right and discolored some of them. Any suggestions on how to trust there is actually an capable and honest dentist out there who can perform properly?
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1. Ask for referrals: Ask friends, family, or coworkers for recommendations. They can provide valuable insights into a dentist's work quality and bedside manner.

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Ravi

Ravi Mittal  |416 Answers  |Ask -

Dating, Relationships Expert - Answered on Nov 14, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Nov 03, 2024Hindi
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Relationship
Hi, I am 30 years old not married & now my parents are forcing me to get married. I think i am good looking guy. It's not like i have never been with girls. I have had brief flings with multiple girls. And there was one girl whom i was in a platonic relationship with with lot of emotional sharing & have spent a lot of time with her. The same goes with another girl. Both of them have told me that i have been pretty cool & girls would like me to be their bf or husband. But i am not able to accept anyone because of the guilt that of my past that i never had a relationship. Never been able to tell anyone that i had a gf. I know this is wrong to compare my life but i can't stop thinking that way. Can you tell me what to do? Like a contsant regret of not having a very steamy cool fancy relationship from outside. I know relationships have it's own ups & downs. But this guilt is killing me that i missed out lot of things in life & if get married in an arranged marriage i would feel myself to be a looser who couldn't even find a girl on his own. Though i know all of these comparisons are wrong & i should be rational. I am not able to help it. Please help me out
Ans: Dear Anonymous,
Whatever you are feeling, it is very normal. More people than you could imagine go through this same phase. But as you mentioned, these are just thoughts; there is no truth to them. Not having a relationship does not make you uncool. It merely means that you did not meet your perfect match yet. I understand that you feel like you have missed out on something and that feeling is valid. It might not be reasonable, but it's very natural to think this way. I can suggest one thing- why don't you try a dating or matchmaking app to find your own partner? That way, you will be keeping your parents' wishes and won't let yourself down either. It will also give you more control over choosing your life partner.

Hope this helps.

...Read more

Ravi

Ravi Mittal  |416 Answers  |Ask -

Dating, Relationships Expert - Answered on Nov 14, 2024

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Relationship
Hi, I got married to my ex gf in an arranged setup. I had a 7 year of relationship with her before breakup. My career switch try from private to govt job was the reason. When I failed I returned back to corporate. 3 years after the breakup her father who is a good friend of my father sent proposal which led to our marriage. No one knew that we dated. We never had a word between the acceptance and marriage. None of us initiated the conversation. When she came after marriage her behavior towards me in private is totally strange. We never had an emotional conversation. Neither we discuss romance nor intimacy. In private we hardly have any intellect discussions which was an eternal part before our breakup. But when she is in public she behaves like she cares for me a lot. She is a darling of everyone in the house whether my parents or siblings. Most of the time she remains with my mother and she has good bond. In front of her she cares for me a lot. She had this double faced attitude from the first day. Our intimacy is limited to my ask she could agree or disagree but she never initiated it. She was pretty passionate before our breakup which I never saw after our marriage. I tried everything but nothing has happened she never opened up. She disconnected with almost all our mutual friends after marriage. Whenever I tried through some of her friends she says to them I overthink a lot. Marriages and relationships differs. All useless and weird reasons. Everyone blames my teenage short temper issue. Which I have completely overcame when I started working. After marriage we had a boy. She says no for a next child for which I am fine. But the problem is now my child is growing and she has started understanding her hypocrisy. Now she blames me for teaching him wrong things. We hardly had fights as she walks out or I won't say word usually after she didn't answer for anything. I am unable to see the light in this relationship. She had 3 relationships in between but I never had one which I never discussed. Now I hardly ask for anything. Day by day we are becoming only room partners or fake couples in public. Everyone sees her as an ideal daughter in law or wife due to her public hypocrisy. Please guide.
Ans: Dear Salman,
I understand that marital issues take a huge toll on people. Whatever you are feeling, it is very normal. I strongly suggest you seek professional help- you can either opt for personal counseling sessions to manage the distress caused by your partner's indifference, or the best approach is to convince your wife to go for marriage counseling with you. It would be good to get to the root of the matter; why is she behaving a certain way, where is this coming from, are there unresolved issues from when you dated? These questions will finally get an answer and you can work on them together. If she does not agree to go, tell her to do it for your child. No child should have to see their parents unhappy with each other.

Hope this helps.

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Dr Nagarajan J S K   |163 Answers  |Ask -

Health Science and Pharmaceutical Careers Expert - Answered on Nov 14, 2024

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Career
I want to give NEET exam but my 12th in Maharashtra Board marks are less than 150 in PCB (general), so I am not eligible. can I give retest of 12th to get better marks so that I can give NEET.
Ans: Hi, Being a retest candidate is considered a second attempt in +2. I think the medical council will not allow admission to medicine. Instead, you can consider B.Pharm / Pharm D.

To join, the following are the requirements:

For pharm D: Minimum qualification for admission to. – a) Pharm.D. Part-I Course – A pass in any of the following examinations - (1) 10+2 examination with Physics and Chemistry as compulsory subjects along with one of the following subjects: Mathematics or Biology. (2) A pass in D.Pharm course from an institution approved by the Pharmacy Council of India under section 12 of the Pharmacy Act. (3) Any other qualification approved by the Pharmacy Council of India as equivalent to any of the above examinations. Provided that a student should complete the age of 17 years on or before 31st December of the year of admission to the course.

FOR B.PHARM:
Minimum qualification for admission to – A. First year B. Pharm – A pass in any of the following examinations - i. Candidate shall have passed 10+2 examination conducted by the respective state/central government authorities recognized as equivalent to 10+2 examination by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) with English as one of the subjects and Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics/Biology as optional subjects individually. “However, the students possessing 10+2 qualification from non-formal and non-class rooms based schooling such as National Institute of Open Schooling, open school systems of States etc. shall not be eligible for admission to B.Pharm Course.” ii. Any other qualification approved by the Pharmacy Council of India as equivalent to any of the above examinations. Provided that a student should complete the age of 17 years on or before 31st December of the year of admission to the course. Provided that there shall be reservation of seats for the students belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes in accordance with the instructions issued by the Central Government/State Government/Union Territory Administration as the case may be from time to time.

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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