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Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 06, 2024

Ramalingam Kalirajan has over 23 years of experience in mutual funds and financial planning.
He has an MBA in finance from the University of Madras and is a certified financial planner.
He is the director and chief financial planner at Holistic Investment, a Chennai-based firm that offers financial planning and wealth management advice.... more
Paruchuri Question by Paruchuri on Jun 24, 2024Hindi
Money

I am 25 years old and my in hand salary is Rs 140000 and unmarried now. WorKng since 3 years. I have a plot worth Rs 25 lakhs. Need investment suggestions.

Ans: It's fantastic that you're thinking about investments at the age of 25. This is a great age to start planning for your financial future. With an in-hand salary of Rs 1,40,000 per month and three years of work experience, you're in a strong position to begin.

Understanding Your Financial Position
Let's look at your current situation:

Age: 25 years
Salary: Rs 1,40,000 per month
Unmarried: Yes
Work Experience: 3 years
Plot Worth: Rs 25 lakhs
This means you have a solid foundation to build on. Your steady income and valuable asset (the plot) provide a good start.

The Power of Early Investing
Starting early gives you a significant advantage. The power of compounding works best over a longer period. This means your investments can grow exponentially, leading to substantial wealth creation over time.

Setting Financial Goals
Before diving into specific investment options, let's discuss setting financial goals. Clear goals help in crafting a focused investment strategy.

Short-term Goals (1-3 years):

Emergency fund
Vacation
Short-term purchases
Medium-term Goals (3-5 years):

Higher education
Buying a car
Down payment for a house
Long-term Goals (5+ years):

Retirement planning
Wealth creation
Children’s education (if you plan to have kids)
Building an Emergency Fund
An emergency fund is essential. This should cover 6-12 months of your expenses. Keep this in a liquid instrument like a savings account or liquid mutual funds. It ensures you’re covered for any unexpected expenses.

Exploring Mutual Funds
Mutual funds are an excellent way to start your investment journey. They offer diversification, professional management, and the potential for good returns.

Advantages of Mutual Funds:

Diversification: Spread your risk across various assets.
Professional Management: Managed by experts.
Liquidity: Easy to buy and sell.
Compounding: Potential to grow wealth over time.
Types of Mutual Funds
Understanding different types of mutual funds helps you choose the right ones based on your goals and risk appetite.

Equity Funds:

Invest in stocks
Higher returns but higher risk
Suitable for long-term goals
Debt Funds:

Invest in bonds and fixed-income securities
Lower risk but lower returns
Suitable for short to medium-term goals
Hybrid Funds:

Mix of equity and debt
Balanced risk and return
Suitable for medium-term goals
Why Actively Managed Funds?
Actively managed funds have fund managers making decisions to maximize returns. They can adapt to market conditions better than index funds, which just track a market index.

SIP for Consistent Investing
Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is a great way to invest regularly in mutual funds. It helps in averaging out the cost and instilling a disciplined investment habit.

Insurance and Investments
While investing, it's crucial not to mix insurance with investments. Policies like ULIPs or investment-cum-insurance plans often provide lower returns. Pure insurance products like term plans offer better coverage.

Real Estate
Though you already have a plot worth Rs 25 lakhs, avoid real estate as a primary investment focus. It's less liquid and can be risky compared to other investment options.

Creating a Balanced Portfolio
A balanced portfolio includes a mix of equity, debt, and other asset classes. This helps in managing risk while aiming for good returns.

Diversification
Spread your investments across different sectors and instruments. This reduces risk as poor performance in one area can be offset by better performance in another.

Assessing Risk Appetite
Your risk appetite depends on various factors, including age, financial goals, and investment knowledge. At 25, you can afford to take higher risks for potentially higher returns.

Long-term Wealth Creation
For long-term goals, equity mutual funds are ideal. They have the potential to provide inflation-beating returns over a long period.

Reviewing and Rebalancing
Regularly review your investment portfolio. Rebalancing ensures that your investments remain aligned with your goals and risk tolerance.

Seeking Professional Advice
A Certified Financial Planner (CFP) can provide personalized advice based on your financial situation and goals. They can help you create a robust investment strategy.


It's impressive that you're focusing on your financial future at such a young age. This proactive approach will surely pay off in the long run. Understanding your financial journey and goals shows maturity and foresight.

Final Insights
Starting early with a clear plan is the key to successful investing. Utilize mutual funds for their diversification and professional management. Focus on creating a balanced portfolio aligned with your goals and risk appetite.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 23, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - May 16, 2024Hindi
Money
Hi Sir, I'm 35 having 4 lakhs on MF and stocks. I earn 1.3 lakhs per.month having a plot loan of 12 lakhs and have a kid . My wife earns 1.2 lakhs and I use most of the salary amount from both of us upto 1 lakh on pre payment of plot loan every month including the emi. I spend around 40k on monthly expenses and 10k for house rent. Could you please guide us how to invest more and which sector to invest to have a stable income in near future within 5 years.
Ans: Financial Planning for Stable Income within Five Years
You are 35 years old with a combined family income of Rs 2.5 lakhs per month. You have a plot loan of Rs 12 lakhs and an investment of Rs 4 lakhs in mutual funds and stocks. Managing finances while raising a child and pre-paying your plot loan is commendable. This guide will help you optimize your investment strategy to achieve stable income within five years.

Genuine Compliments and Understanding
Your dedication to managing loans and saving for the future is impressive. Balancing expenses and investments while planning for stability shows great foresight and discipline.

Current Financial Overview
Income and Expenses
Combined monthly income: Rs 2.5 lakhs
Monthly expenses: Rs 40,000
House rent: Rs 10,000
Plot loan pre-payment and EMI: Rs 1 lakh
You have a disciplined approach towards loan repayment, which is excellent for reducing debt quickly. However, it is essential to balance loan pre-payment with investments to ensure future stability.

Evaluating Your Financial Goals
Short-Term Goals (Within 5 Years)
Achieve Stable Income: Focus on creating multiple income streams to ensure financial stability.
Reduce Debt: Continue paying off the plot loan to become debt-free sooner.
Increase Investments: Build a diversified investment portfolio for growth and stability.
Long-Term Goals
Retirement Planning: Start planning for retirement to ensure financial security in later years.
Child’s Education: Save for your child’s education to avoid financial strain in the future.
Investment Strategy
Balancing Debt Repayment and Investments
While pre-paying your plot loan is a prudent strategy, it is also crucial to allocate funds towards investments. This ensures that you are building wealth for future needs while reducing debt. Consider the following steps:

Allocate a Fixed Amount for Investments: Set aside a portion of your monthly income specifically for investments. This can be in addition to the amount allocated for loan pre-payment.
Emergency Fund: Maintain an emergency fund equivalent to 6-12 months of expenses. This fund acts as a financial cushion for unforeseen circumstances.
Diversifying Investments
Diversification is key to managing risk and achieving stable returns. A balanced portfolio with a mix of equity, debt, and other instruments can provide growth and stability.

Equity Investments
Actively Managed Mutual Funds: Actively managed funds can potentially outperform the market due to professional management. They offer diversified exposure to equities.
Sector-Specific Funds: Consider investing in sector-specific funds that have growth potential. Sectors like technology, healthcare, and finance can offer good returns.
Direct Stocks: Continue minimal investments in stocks, focusing on fundamentally strong companies with growth potential.
Debt Investments
Debt Mutual Funds: Invest in debt mutual funds for stable returns. These funds are less volatile compared to equities and provide regular income.
Fixed Deposits and Bonds: Consider fixed deposits and bonds for guaranteed returns. They offer safety and regular interest income.
Benefits of Actively Managed Funds
Actively managed funds are guided by professional fund managers who make strategic decisions based on market research. These managers aim to outperform the market by taking advantage of investment opportunities. Regular funds, accessed through a Mutual Fund Distributor (MFD) with a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) credential, provide valuable professional advice and management.

Financial Planning with a Certified Financial Planner
Consulting a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) is crucial for tailored advice based on your financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon. A CFP can help you create a balanced investment strategy, ensuring you achieve your long-term objectives.

Portfolio Diversification and Risk Management
A well-diversified portfolio balances risk and reward. By spreading investments across equities, debt, and other asset classes, you can manage risk effectively. Equities offer growth potential, while debt provides stability.

Increasing Savings and Investment Contributions
Consider increasing your savings and investment contributions as your income grows. Allocating a higher portion of your income towards diversified financial instruments will accelerate your wealth accumulation.

Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs)
Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) are an excellent way to invest regularly and benefit from the power of compounding. Increasing your SIP contributions over time will significantly enhance your investment corpus.

Efficient Tax Planning
Effective tax planning can maximize your investment returns. Utilize tax-saving instruments and strategies to minimize your tax liability. For instance, investing in Equity-Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) can provide tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

Emergency Fund and Insurance Coverage
Maintaining an emergency fund is crucial for financial security. This fund provides a financial cushion for unexpected expenses, ensuring you don’t need to dip into your investments. Adequate insurance coverage protects against unforeseen events, safeguarding your financial health.

Conclusion
Your decision to either construct a residential building or sell the plot and reinvest the proceeds depends on your financial goals, risk tolerance, and lifestyle preferences. Both options have their merits and drawbacks. Constructing a building can provide steady rental income and asset appreciation, but requires significant initial investment and management. Selling the plot offers liquidity and investment flexibility, potentially yielding higher returns with professional management.

By following the strategies outlined in this guide and consulting with a Certified Financial Planner, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your long-term financial goals.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP

Chief Financial Planner

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 19, 2024

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I am 35 and have a monthly income of 50000 and my savings are zero and all my commitment are cleared. I am ready to invest 12000 per month for the next 25 years. Can u please suggest how and where to invest.
Ans: At 35, with a monthly income of Rs. 50,000 and no current savings, you have a great opportunity to start building your financial future. Investing Rs. 12,000 per month over the next 25 years can help you achieve significant wealth. Here’s a detailed plan to guide your investments.

Investment Strategy
1. Diversified Portfolio:

Equity Mutual Funds: These funds have the potential for high returns over the long term.
Debt Mutual Funds: These funds provide stability and lower risk.
Gold: A small portion in gold can act as a hedge against inflation.
Fixed Deposits: While they offer lower returns, they add safety to your portfolio.
2. Systematic Investment Plan (SIP):

SIPs help in disciplined investing.
They average out market volatility over time.
Investing Rs. 12,000 monthly through SIPs will ensure regular and consistent investments.
Recommended Allocation
Equity Mutual Funds:

Allocate 60% of your investment to equity mutual funds.
This equals Rs. 7,200 per month.
Choose a mix of large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap funds for diversification.
Debt Mutual Funds:

Allocate 20% to debt mutual funds.
This equals Rs. 2,400 per month.
These funds provide stability and reduce overall portfolio risk.
Gold:

Allocate 10% to gold.
This equals Rs. 1,200 per month.
Invest through gold bonds or gold ETFs.
Fixed Deposits:

Allocate 10% to fixed deposits.
This equals Rs. 1,200 per month.
This provides a safety net and liquidity.
Step-by-Step Plan
1. Start with Emergency Fund:

Build an emergency fund to cover 6 months of expenses.
Use your fixed deposit allocation to build this fund initially.
2. Begin SIPs:

Set up SIPs for equity mutual funds, debt mutual funds, and gold.
Automate your investments to ensure consistency.
3. Review and Adjust:

Review your portfolio every six months.
Adjust your allocations based on performance and market conditions.
4. Increase Investment Over Time:

Aim to increase your monthly investment by 5-10% annually.
This helps in countering inflation and increasing wealth.
Choosing the Right Funds
Equity Mutual Funds:

Look for funds with a consistent track record.
Choose funds managed by experienced fund managers.
Diversify across different sectors and market capitalizations.
Debt Mutual Funds:

Opt for funds with lower credit risk.
Look for funds that invest in high-quality debt instruments.
Consider funds with a good track record of stable returns.
Gold Investments:

Prefer sovereign gold bonds for better returns.
Gold ETFs offer liquidity and ease of investment.
Additional Tips
1. Tax Planning:

Utilize tax-saving mutual funds (ELSS) for tax benefits.
ELSS funds have a lock-in period of three years but offer tax deductions.
2. Financial Discipline:

Avoid withdrawing from your investments prematurely.
Stick to your investment plan regardless of market fluctuations.
3. Knowledge and Awareness:

Stay informed about market trends and financial news.
Consider consulting a Certified Financial Planner for personalized advice.
Final Insights
Starting your investment journey at 35 with a disciplined approach can yield significant returns over 25 years. Diversify your portfolio across equity, debt, gold, and fixed deposits to balance risk and reward. Regularly review and adjust your investments to stay on track with your financial goals.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jun 25, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Jun 20, 2024Hindi
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Money
Hi, I'm 24 years old and earning ?25,000 per month. Could anyone please provide some investment suggestions?
Ans: Starting to invest at 24 is a smart move. Let's explore some investment suggestions tailored to your current financial situation and future goals.

Assessing Your Current Financial Position
Income and Expenses
You earn Rs. 25,000 per month. It's crucial to manage expenses within this income while setting aside savings for investments.

Savings and Emergency Fund
Ensure you have an emergency fund covering at least 3-6 months of living expenses. This fund acts as a safety net during unexpected financial situations.

Investment Suggestions for Long-Term Growth
Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) in Mutual Funds
Mutual funds offer a diversified investment option managed by professionals. SIPs allow you to invest small amounts regularly.

Benefits of SIPs: They average out market fluctuations, potentially providing better returns over the long term.
Avoiding Index Funds: Unlike index funds, actively managed funds offer potential for higher returns through skilled fund management.
Equity Mutual Funds
Consider equity mutual funds for higher growth potential over the long term. These funds invest in stocks and have varying levels of risk.

Diversification: Spread investments across large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap funds for balanced risk.
Professional Management: Fund managers actively choose stocks, aiming to outperform the market.
Public Provident Fund (PPF)
PPF is a government-backed long-term investment with tax benefits. It's suitable for conservative investors looking for stable returns.

Lock-in Period: Funds are locked for 15 years, providing disciplined savings and tax benefits.
Interest Rates: Interest rates are competitive and often higher than bank savings.
Debt Mutual Funds
Debt mutual funds invest in fixed-income securities like bonds and treasury bills. They offer stable returns with lower risk compared to equity funds.

Risk Profile: Suitable for conservative investors or those looking to balance their portfolio with fixed-income options.
Liquidity: Generally more liquid than PPF and offer potential for better returns than traditional bank deposits.
Direct Equity Investment
Investing directly in stocks requires research and understanding of the market. It offers potential for high returns but comes with higher risk.

Long-Term Perspective: Invest in fundamentally strong companies for wealth creation over the long term.
Risk Management: Diversify your stock portfolio across sectors to reduce risk.
Insurance and Retirement Planning
Term Insurance
As a young earner, secure your family's financial future with term insurance. It provides a high coverage amount at a lower premium compared to other insurance products.

Financial Protection: Cover outstanding loans and ensure financial stability for dependents.
Review Existing Policies: Evaluate existing policies and consider surrendering low-return policies for better investment opportunities.
Retirement Planning
Start planning for retirement early to benefit from the power of compounding. Consider retirement-focused mutual funds or retirement plans offered by mutual fund houses.

Long-Term Investments: Allocate a portion of savings towards retirement funds for wealth accumulation.
Regular Review: Periodically review investments to align with changing financial goals and market conditions.
Creating Additional Income Streams
Skill Development and Side Income
Invest in enhancing skills or starting a side business to generate additional income. This can supplement your regular earnings and boost savings for investments.

Utilize Technology: Explore online platforms for freelance work or selling products/services.
Financial Goals: Allocate additional income towards investments or building emergency funds.
Final Insights
Investing at a young age provides ample time to harness the benefits of compounding and mitigate financial risks. By diversifying investments across mutual funds, PPF, and exploring direct equity, you can achieve long-term financial goals effectively.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Aug 22, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Aug 22, 2024Hindi
Money
Hello Sir, I am 44 years old currently working in IT industry in Bangalore. My annual Package is Rs. 24 lacs with monthly take home of Rs. 1.27 lacs ( after tax, NPS(9k) and PF(41k) deduction). Have own house, one plot and vehicle. Without any ongoing loan. Have accumulated PF of around 40 lacs and have 57 lacs in bank deposit. I need to accumulate 2 crores in next 5 years. What are the investment options. Thanks Raghu
Ans: At 44, you've built a strong financial foundation. Your annual package is Rs. 24 lacs, with a monthly take-home of Rs. 1.27 lacs. You also have no ongoing loans, which is excellent. Your accumulated provident fund stands at Rs. 40 lacs, and you have Rs. 57 lacs in bank deposits. This is a solid base to work from, but your target of Rs. 2 crores in 5 years requires careful planning and disciplined investments.

Goal Assessment
You aim to accumulate Rs. 2 crores in 5 years. This is an ambitious but achievable target. With proper planning, you can optimize your existing resources and strategically invest in the right avenues to meet your goal.

Given your current savings and the time frame, your investments must yield higher returns, which means opting for instruments that carry a bit of risk but offer substantial growth potential. You also need to keep inflation and taxes in mind while planning your investments.

Investment Options
1. Systematic Investment in Mutual Funds (SIP)
Mutual funds are an ideal vehicle for wealth accumulation over a medium-term horizon.
Actively Managed Funds: Actively managed funds often outperform passive funds like index funds. The expertise of fund managers can help achieve better returns. Also, they offer flexibility to adapt to market conditions.
Diversified Portfolio: Invest across large-cap, mid-cap, and multi-cap funds. This diversification balances risk and potential return.
Monthly Investment: Considering your take-home salary, you can start SIPs with a significant amount. For instance, you can invest Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1 lakh monthly in mutual funds.
Regular vs. Direct Plans: Regular plans through a Mutual Fund Distributor (MFD) with CFP credentials can provide you with professional advice and ongoing support. This might be beneficial for optimizing your portfolio and achieving your target corpus. Direct plans lack such advisory benefits and may lead to suboptimal choices.
2. Top-Up Your NPS Contributions
The National Pension System (NPS) is a great tool for long-term retirement planning.
Increased Contributions: You are already contributing Rs. 9,000 monthly to NPS. Increasing this contribution can significantly boost your retirement corpus.
Equity Allocation: Since you have a long-term horizon, consider increasing your equity exposure in NPS. Equity investments have historically delivered higher returns over the long term, aligning with your goal of wealth accumulation.
Tax Benefits: Additional contributions to NPS can also provide you with extra tax deductions under Section 80CCD(1B).
3. Equity Investments
Direct equity investments can offer high returns, but they come with high risk.
Select High-Growth Stocks: Focus on companies with strong fundamentals and growth potential. This can be done through a certified financial planner who can guide you in stock selection and portfolio management.
Avoid Overexposure: Limit your equity exposure to avoid unnecessary risk. A balanced approach with mutual funds and NPS should be your core strategy, with direct equity playing a supplementary role.
4. Fixed Deposits and Debt Funds
While your bank deposits provide safety, they may not be sufficient to meet your goal due to lower returns.
Shift to Debt Funds: Consider shifting a portion of your bank deposits to debt funds. Debt funds offer better returns compared to fixed deposits and are also tax-efficient.
Liquid Funds for Emergency: Keep a portion of your funds in liquid mutual funds for emergencies. They provide better returns than savings accounts and are highly liquid.
5. Balanced Advantage Funds
These funds dynamically allocate between equity and debt based on market conditions.
Risk Management: They offer a balance between risk and return, which can help in growing your wealth steadily without taking excessive risks.
Long-Term Growth: With a 5-year horizon, these funds can provide better returns than pure debt funds with relatively lower risk than equity funds.
6. Insurance Needs
Health Insurance: Ensure that you have adequate health insurance coverage for yourself and your family. The coverage should be sufficient to handle any medical emergencies without dipping into your savings.
Term Insurance: A term insurance policy should be in place to secure your family's financial future in case of any unfortunate event.
Tax Efficiency
1. Tax Planning
Maximize your Section 80C deductions by investing in instruments like ELSS mutual funds. This can reduce your taxable income while simultaneously growing your wealth.
Tax-Free Bonds: Consider investing in tax-free bonds for a fixed income with no tax liability on the interest earned. These bonds can provide steady returns and are suitable for investors in the higher tax brackets.
2. Tax on Returns
Be mindful of the tax implications on your investment returns. Long-term capital gains (LTCG) on equity funds are taxed at 10% after Rs. 1 lakh of gains in a financial year.
Tax Harvesting: To optimize tax liability, consider redeeming units systematically in a manner that limits taxable gains each year.
Monitoring and Review
1. Regular Portfolio Review
Your investment portfolio should be reviewed at least twice a year to ensure it aligns with your financial goals.
Rebalancing: If necessary, rebalance your portfolio to maintain the desired asset allocation. This might involve shifting from overperforming assets to underperforming ones or adjusting your equity-debt ratio.
2. Adjusting for Market Conditions
Stay informed about market trends and economic conditions. This will help you make informed decisions and adjust your investments accordingly.
Expert Guidance: Regular consultations with a certified financial planner can provide you with insights and strategies tailored to your needs.
Final Insights
Your goal of accumulating Rs. 2 crores in 5 years is challenging but achievable with disciplined investing and regular monitoring. Focus on a mix of mutual funds, enhanced NPS contributions, and selective equity investments. Don't forget to secure your health and life with adequate insurance coverage. Regular reviews and strategic adjustments to your portfolio will ensure you stay on track to meet your target.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Oct 07, 2024

Asked by Anonymous - Oct 06, 2024Hindi
Money
I am 31years old. I have a appartment and a car in my name. No loan till date. My earni gs are 1.25 lacs per month. I wanted to invest for my future. I can spare 50000 per month. Would like to have your advice
Ans: It's commendable that you're looking to invest for your future at the age of 31. Building a financial foundation early in life is crucial. With your monthly income of Rs 1.25 lakhs, you have a strong position to create wealth.

With Rs 50,000 available each month for investments, you have a fantastic opportunity to grow your corpus over time. Let’s delve into how you can effectively allocate your funds to ensure a balanced and prosperous future.

Why Avoid Real Estate?
Real estate can sometimes seem like a lucrative investment. However, it is essential to understand that real estate investment comes with various challenges and considerations:

High Capital Requirement: Real estate typically requires significant capital. This can restrict your liquidity, leaving you without readily accessible funds in emergencies.

Market Fluctuations: Property values can fluctuate. You may not always see the desired returns when you need them.

Maintenance and Costs: Owning property often comes with additional costs such as maintenance, property taxes, and insurance. These can eat into your overall returns.

Time-Consuming: Managing real estate can be time-consuming. It requires constant oversight, whether it's dealing with tenants or maintaining the property.

Given your current financial status, it would be wise to focus your investments on more liquid and less risky avenues. This will allow you to grow your wealth effectively without tying up your capital.

Evaluating Investment Options
You have a significant amount, Rs 50,000, to invest each month. Let's assess the best investment avenues for you:

1. Mutual Funds
Mutual funds are one of the most effective ways to grow your wealth over time. They provide diversification, professional management, and liquidity.

Diversification: Investing in a mutual fund gives you access to a basket of stocks or bonds. This minimizes the risk of losing all your money if one investment does poorly.

Professional Management: With mutual funds, your money is managed by experts. They continuously analyze market trends and make investment decisions.

Liquidity: Mutual funds offer flexibility in terms of liquidity. You can redeem your investments when needed.

For your profile, actively managed equity funds are an excellent choice. These funds have the potential to outperform passive options over the long term.

Disadvantages of Index Funds
While index funds may seem appealing due to their lower expense ratios, there are significant disadvantages to consider:

Limited Growth Potential: Index funds aim to replicate market performance. They don’t actively manage or adjust investments based on market conditions. This means they might miss opportunities for growth.

No Personal Touch: Investing in an index fund means you are relying on the market as a whole. Active managers can adapt to changes and manage risk more effectively.

Actively managed funds can respond to changing market dynamics, aiming for higher returns. They have the flexibility to switch between stocks based on performance and market conditions.

2. Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) allows you to invest a fixed amount regularly. This strategy has several advantages:

Rupee Cost Averaging: Investing a fixed amount regularly helps in averaging the cost of purchases. You buy more units when prices are low and fewer units when prices are high.

Discipline in Investing: A SIP encourages you to invest regularly, fostering a habit of saving and investing. This disciplined approach can significantly enhance your wealth over time.

Long-Term Growth: Equity markets tend to perform well over the long term. A SIP helps you stay invested, benefiting from compounding growth.

Consider allocating a significant portion of your Rs 50,000 monthly investment through SIPs in mutual funds. Aim for a mix of equity and hybrid funds, where equity funds focus on long-term growth, while hybrid funds offer stability.

3. Regular vs. Direct Funds
When investing in mutual funds, it’s crucial to understand the difference between regular and direct funds:

Regular Funds: These are sold through intermediaries, such as a Certified Financial Planner. They offer guidance and support, ensuring that your investments align with your financial goals. You benefit from their expertise in choosing the right funds.

Direct Funds: While direct funds have lower expense ratios, they often lack comprehensive support. You might miss valuable insights and recommendations without expert guidance.

Choosing regular funds allows you to access personalized advice. This can be beneficial for optimizing your investment strategy.

4. Public Provident Fund (PPF)
The Public Provident Fund (PPF) is another excellent investment option for you. It has several key advantages:

Safe Investment: PPF is backed by the government. It offers guaranteed returns, making it a safe choice.

Tax Benefits: Contributions to PPF qualify for tax deductions under Section 80C. The interest earned and maturity amount are also tax-free.

Long-Term Lock-In: PPF has a 15-year lock-in period. This encourages disciplined savings and reduces the temptation to withdraw early.

Consider contributing a portion of your monthly investment to PPF. The fixed returns and tax benefits make it an attractive option for wealth accumulation.

5. National Pension System (NPS)
The National Pension System (NPS) is an excellent long-term investment for retirement planning. Here are some benefits:

Retirement Savings: NPS helps you build a retirement corpus over the long term. This can provide financial security during your retirement years.

Tax Benefits: Contributions to NPS qualify for tax deductions. You can claim additional deductions beyond those available for PPF.

Flexible Investment Options: NPS allows you to choose from a mix of equity, corporate bonds, and government securities. This flexibility lets you tailor your investment strategy based on your risk appetite.

Allocate a portion of your monthly investment to NPS. This will help enhance your retirement savings and provide valuable tax benefits.

6. Diversifying Your Investments
Diversification is a key strategy in investment. It helps reduce risk while aiming for higher returns. Here's a suggested allocation for your Rs 50,000 monthly investment:

Equity Mutual Funds: Rs 30,000

This will allow you to capitalize on the growth potential of equity markets.
Public Provident Fund (PPF): Rs 10,000

This ensures a safe investment option with fixed returns.
National Pension System (NPS): Rs 10,000

This will strengthen your retirement corpus.
By spreading your investments across different avenues, you can balance growth with safety.

Importance of Regular Monitoring
Investing is not a one-time activity. It requires regular monitoring and adjustments. Here are some key points to consider:

Annual Reviews: Regularly review your portfolio to ensure it aligns with your goals. Adjust your investments based on performance and changing market conditions.

Stay Informed: Keep yourself updated on market trends, economic changes, and investment options. This knowledge will help you make informed decisions.

Seek Professional Guidance: Consult with a Certified Financial Planner for personalized advice. Their expertise can provide insights that enhance your investment strategy.

Final Insights
Investing wisely today will secure your financial future. Focus on mutual funds and NPS for a balanced approach.

Aim for a diversified portfolio that includes equity mutual funds, PPF, and NPS.

Keep track of your investments regularly and adjust as needed.

Stay informed about market trends and economic changes to make educated investment decisions.

Utilize the expertise of a Certified Financial Planner to optimize your investment strategy.

Taking these steps can help you build a solid financial foundation. By making informed investment choices, you will be well on your way to achieving your financial goals.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

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Career Counsellor - Answered on Jul 16, 2025

Career
My son has got mechanical in VIT Chennai while his preference is CS. What are the placement options in mechanical
Ans: Swati, VIT Chennai’s Mechanical Engineering program is delivered by PhD-qualified faculty within a NAAC A++-accredited, deemed-university environment, supported by modern thermal, CAD/CAM, robotics, and manufacturing labs and a centralized Career Development Centre. Over the past three years, around 75–95 percent of eligible Mechanical graduates have secured placements, with top recruiters including Mercedes-Benz, Mahindra, L&T, BHEL and Siemens. Graduates find roles as Design and Manufacturing Engineers, Automation Specialists and R&D Analysts across core and emerging sectors. The mechanical field’s future in India is strong, driven by Industry 4.0 integration, renewable energy expansion, smart manufacturing and electric vehicle development, requiring engineers with multidisciplinary skills in IoT, AI and sustainable systems. VIT’s tie-ups for industrial projects, internship pipelines, and pre-placement offers further bolster career readiness and global employability.

Recommendation: Given robust placement consistency, high-end recruiter engagement, and the foundational importance of mechanical engineering in evolving industries, pursuing Mechanical at VIT Chennai offers diverse core and specialized career pathways; complement this by developing software-automation and sustainability competencies to align with future industry demands. All the BEST for Admission & a Prosperous Future!

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Nayagam P

Nayagam P P  |8905 Answers  |Ask -

Career Counsellor - Answered on Jul 16, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Jul 16, 2025Hindi
Career
I have got cse in coep pune, and cse in jaypee noida. Which one to choose
Ans: COEP Pune and Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida both deliver strong CSE programmes, yet they differ across accreditation, ranking, faculty, infrastructure, research, placements, industry linkages, fees, campus environment and location. COEP Pune holds ‘A+’ NAAC accreditation and a NIRF engineering rank within the top 100, while JIIT Noida is NBA-accredited (Tier-I) with NAAC ‘A’ grade and NIRF rank in the 101–150 band. COEP’s core faculty comprises PhD-qualified professors with extensive academic and industry research, whereas JIIT’s predominantly doctorate faculty emphasize applied IT research and publications. COEP offers 17 specialised computing labs plus a dedicated data-centre and legacy smart classrooms, while JIIT provides 102 state-of-the-art labs, a 700-user digital library and advanced language, electronics and psychology labs. In research and innovation, COEP benefits from government-sponsored projects (DST, DRDO) and industry grants, whereas JIIT hosts multiple Centres of Excellence (Cloud, IPR, AI) and interdisciplinary patents. COEP CSE placements average 87% with a median package around ?9–11 LPA from Google, Goldman Sachs and IBM, while JIIT CSE achieves over 94% placement consistency and median package near ?7 LPA, hosted by Microsoft, LinkedIn and Cisco. COEP’s longstanding MoUs include Intel, Bosch and Infosys for internships; JIIT partners directly with Amazon, SAP and American Express for capstone projects. Annual tuition at COEP is approximately ?90 K for Maharashtra-domicile students; JIIT’s fee exceeds ?2.5 L per year but includes accommodation and medical support. COEP’s urban Shivajinagar campus emphasizes a vibrant student life with over 40 clubs and heritage architecture; JIIT’s Sector 62 Noida campus spans 15.5 acres, featuring a residential zone, sports complex and shuttle connectivity to Delhi.

Recommendation:
Considering higher national ranking, broader research funding and slightly stronger CSE placement metrics, COEP Pune is the optimal choice for those prioritizing institutional legacy and core-engineering excellence. For students seeking specialized IT-industry integration and diverse lab exposure near Delhi NCR, JIIT Noida remains a compelling alternative. MY SUGGESTION: Choose COEP-Pune & Join. All the BEST for Admission & a Prosperous Future!

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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 16, 2025

Money
Hi sir my name is raju 29 years, married and have 3 years kid(boy). My salary is 125000 per month I want to invest money for my chaild education and our retirement also I am thinking to invest 20 to 30k in mutual funds is this below funds are good please let me know and I also taken health insurance and term insurance also for that per year 45k I will pay yearly 60k in nps and we have savings 30lacks to buy house or land in coming months my wife was earning 30k per month. Parag parikh Nifty 50 BEes Nifty Next (optional) SBI contra
Ans: You're earning well and already thinking long-term, which is great. Let’s look at your financial goals, savings, and plan from all angles.

? Income and Household Financial Standing
– Your monthly salary is Rs. 1,25,000.
– Your wife earns Rs. 30,000 monthly.
– Your total monthly family income is Rs. 1,55,000.
– You are aged 29, married, with one child.
– You’ve already taken term and health insurance. Well done.
– Your annual premium of Rs. 45,000 is well justified.
– These protections reduce risk in emergencies.
– You save around Rs. 60,000 yearly in NPS.
– You have Rs. 30 lakhs savings for home or land.

? Existing Asset Strategy
– Rs. 30 lakh savings is a big milestone.
– Don’t rush into buying property.
– Real estate gives low returns, high costs, and poor liquidity.
– It locks up money for long and needs extra cash to maintain.
– Avoid using this full amount for a house.
– Consider investing part in mutual funds for better returns.
– Always check whether buying or renting suits your goals.
– Flexibility, liquidity, and simplicity matter in financial planning.

? Investment Approach You’re Considering
– You plan to invest Rs. 20,000–30,000 per month in mutual funds.
– This is a strong start for wealth creation.
– You mentioned some index funds and one contra fund.
– Let's review and guide you based on financial goals.

? Disadvantages of Index Funds You Mentioned
– Index funds copy the market, nothing more.
– They don’t try to beat the market.
– They offer no downside protection during crashes.
– Index funds don’t adapt to changing market cycles.
– Active funds are managed by skilled fund managers.
– Managers in active funds aim for better returns than index.
– Index funds offer no help in bad markets.
– They follow blindly without discretion.
– Avoid index funds if you want active management.
– Your mentioned funds like Nifty 50 Bees and Nifty Next fall here.
– Instead, choose actively managed diversified funds.
– These funds perform better over time with lower risk.
– They help adjust based on sectors, economy, and valuation.

? Long-term Goals to Focus On
– Your two main goals are child education and your retirement.
– Both are long-term goals and need early planning.
– Equity mutual funds are best for these goals.
– Start with Rs. 25,000 monthly in SIPs.
– Allocate Rs. 15,000 for child education fund.
– Allocate Rs. 10,000 for your retirement fund.
– Use actively managed funds guided by a CFP.
– Don’t invest in direct mutual fund plans.

? Why Avoid Direct Funds
– Direct plans offer no personal advice or periodic review.
– It’s like driving without a map.
– Many investors make mistakes without proper help.
– Wrong fund choice, emotional exits, or overexposure are common.
– Regular plans through MFD with CFP support avoid these issues.
– They offer coaching, guidance, and behavioural discipline.
– Performance reviews and course corrections are done on time.
– Long-term investing is more about staying invested than just choosing funds.
– A certified financial planner helps with that clarity and accountability.

? Child Education Planning – First Goal
– Your son is 3 years old now.
– You have 14–15 years to build a good fund.
– Education costs double every 7–8 years.
– Start SIP of Rs. 15,000 monthly in growth-oriented equity funds.
– Don’t choose child insurance policies or ULIPs.
– They underperform and are not flexible.
– Actively managed diversified funds give better growth over time.
– Review your investments every year.
– Increase SIP amount every year when income increases.
– Use goal-based approach. Don’t mix short-term needs.

? Retirement Planning – Second Goal
– You’re 29 now. Retirement is 30 years away.
– Time is your best friend here.
– You already invest Rs. 60,000 yearly in NPS.
– NPS gives tax benefit under Sec 80CCD(1B).
– But NPS alone is not enough.
– Add mutual fund SIP of Rs. 10,000 monthly for this goal.
– Choose actively managed hybrid and large cap funds.
– These give long-term wealth creation and inflation beating growth.
– Avoid ULIP pension plans or annuities.
– They are rigid, low-return and not liquid.
– Mutual funds give flexibility and smart asset allocation.

? Health and Life Insurance
– You are already paying Rs. 45,000 yearly for health and term insurance.
– This is essential and correctly placed.
– Make sure health cover is Rs. 10 lakh or more.
– Include family in one family floater plan.
– Review sum insured every 3–4 years.
– Life cover should be 15–20 times your annual income.
– You can increase term insurance later if needed.

? Emergency Fund – Maintain Liquidity
– Emergency fund is important.
– Keep 6 months of expenses in savings or liquid funds.
– Don’t mix this money with investment money.
– This gives confidence to invest aggressively elsewhere.
– Emergency fund prevents loan dependency during crisis.

? Property Planning – Use Caution
– Rs. 30 lakh savings can buy land or flat.
– But don’t use full amount for it.
– Property is illiquid and needs maintenance and registration costs.
– It doesn’t give regular income unless rented.
– Focus on mutual fund investments first.
– Let your capital grow and become flexible.
– If you still buy, don’t borrow heavily for it.

? Tax Planning Strategy
– You already save Rs. 60,000 in NPS.
– That gives you benefit under 80CCD(1B).
– Term insurance premium covers part of 80C.
– Use balance of 80C for ELSS mutual fund SIP.
– ELSS gives tax saving and equity growth.
– Avoid traditional policies like LIC or endowment plans.
– They give low returns and lock money.
– Mutual funds give higher tax-adjusted returns.
– LTCG on equity mutual funds above Rs. 1.25 lakh is taxed at 12.5%.
– STCG is taxed at 20%.
– Debt mutual funds are taxed as per income slab.

? SIP Execution and Monitoring
– Don’t invest in many mutual funds.
– Choose 3 or 4 funds based on risk profile.
– Track SIPs once in 6 months or yearly.
– Avoid changing funds too often.
– SIPs work best when continued for long.
– Use MFD channel with CFP for execution.
– Regular review, rebalancing, and guidance are important.

? Behavioural Discipline Matters
– Markets go up and down.
– Don’t stop SIPs during correction.
– That is when you accumulate more units.
– Keep calm and stick to the plan.
– Long-term success needs patience and trust in the process.
– Stay invested and don’t react emotionally.
– A CFP gives behavioural support during tough times.

? Family Financial Planning
– Involve your wife in financial discussions.
– Keep joint goals for future.
– Plan for child’s education, travel, retirement and healthcare.
– Write a will or basic nomination now itself.
– Keep all investments in joint or nominee mode.

? Asset Allocation Balance
– Don’t invest in only one asset type.
– Use equity, hybrid, liquid and EPF in right mix.
– Overexposure to land or gold limits flexibility.
– Equity mutual funds grow capital.
– Debt and liquid funds give short-term stability.
– Review asset mix yearly.

? Final Insights
– You are taking the right steps early.
– Your goals are clear and achievable.
– Avoid index and direct mutual fund options.
– Use actively managed funds via a MFD with CFP.
– Don’t get stuck in illiquid property assets.
– Keep investing regularly and review yearly.
– Focus on discipline, guidance, and simplicity.
– You are on the right path to build wealth.
– Stay consistent and take help when needed.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |9755 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jul 16, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Jul 16, 2025Hindi
Money
Hi, I am 36 years my total income, expenses & investments are as below. Family income (wife 35000 & 105000) = 140000. Mortgage EMI: 67000 for another 3 years. House rent & expenses 30000. Fisical Gold invest: 10000 per month Term Insurance: 1cr Gold loan 200gm : 6 lakhs Epf: 10 lakhs Property plot: 1cr (1500sqrft) Emergency fund: 50k Future plan: 1. 1 year old daughter future plan. 2. Construction building for 3floors to get rental income. When should start and what are the options for 1.5crs loan. 3. Retirement plan.
Ans: Monthly Cash Flow Assessment
– Your family income is Rs. 1,40,000.
– Mortgage EMI is Rs. 67,000 for 3 more years.
– Rent and expenses are Rs. 30,000.
– Gold investment is Rs. 10,000.
– That leaves around Rs. 33,000 surplus monthly.
– This surplus needs smart allocation for all future goals.
– Your expenses are well-managed. That is a strong starting point.

? Existing Assets and Liabilities
– You have Rs. 10 lakh in EPF. Good long-term asset.
– Property plot worth Rs. 1 crore is a valuable asset.
– Emergency fund is only Rs. 50,000. That is low for a family.
– Gold loan of Rs. 6 lakh on 200g gold is active.
– You have Rs. 1 crore term insurance. That’s essential and well-done.

? Emergency Fund – Strengthen It
– Ideal fund should cover 6 months of expenses.
– Your family needs Rs. 1.2 to 1.5 lakh in emergency fund.
– Boost this first before increasing other investments.
– Use a mix of bank FD and liquid mutual funds.
– Don’t ignore this step. It offers peace of mind.

? Your Daughter’s Future Planning
– You have 17+ years for her higher education.
– Cost of education is rising faster than inflation.
– You must begin a monthly SIP in diversified equity funds.
– Actively managed funds are better than index funds.
– Index funds do not protect in falling markets.
– Index funds lack professional fund manager’s timely decisions.
– Active funds can adapt to changing market cycles.
– A CFP-guided SIP approach ensures consistent returns.
– Start with Rs. 10,000 monthly SIP if possible.
– Increase SIP as EMI ends in 3 years.
– Review and rebalance annually with guidance.
– Avoid ULIPs, LIC plans, or traditional child policies.
– They underperform and offer poor flexibility.

? Construction Plan and Rs. 1.5 Crore Loan
– Construction loan of Rs. 1.5 crore needs proper planning.
– You plan to build 3 floors and earn rental income.
– This is an ambitious and practical idea.
– But timing and loan handling are key.

When to Start:
– Wait until EMI on home loan ends.
– That gives you extra Rs. 67,000 monthly.
– Use that cash to repay gold loan first.
– Clearing gold loan frees up your pledged gold.
– After that, you’re better positioned for new loan.

Loan Options & Suggestions:
– Choose a term of 15–20 years for construction loan.
– That keeps EMIs affordable and less stressful.
– Don’t overcommit. Ensure 40–45% of income to EMIs only.
– Use the plot as collateral.
– Explore joint home loan for better eligibility.
– Maintain high CIBIL score and consistent income flow.
– Keep margin money of 10–15% ready in hand.
– Start planning now but execute after gold loan is cleared.

Construction Steps to Prepare:
– Get property valuation and construction estimates.
– Prepare building approval and design papers.
– Avoid over-building. Focus on rental usability and demand.
– Reserve budget for interior and furnishing.
– Post-construction, rent should cover at least 60–70% of EMI.
– Get rental agreements and tenant screening system in place.

? Gold Loan Strategy
– 200 grams gold against Rs. 6 lakh loan is costly.
– Interest outflow eats your savings slowly.
– Prioritise repaying gold loan before construction loan.
– Use part of surplus plus any bonus to repay gold loan faster.
– Once mortgage EMI ends, use Rs. 67,000 monthly to clear it.
– Don’t keep gold loan for too long.

? EPF as Long-term Asset
– You have Rs. 10 lakh in EPF. That’s good.
– Continue contributing. Don’t withdraw for short-term goals.
– It compounds silently and supports retirement corpus.
– Review EPF statement annually for balance growth.

? Physical Gold Investments
– Rs. 10,000 monthly in gold is a sentimental plan.
– But don’t over-allocate here.
– Gold has low yield over long term.
– Treat gold as hedge, not growth asset.
– Reduce gold investment slowly after 3 years.
– Redirect funds to equity mutual funds for better growth.

? Retirement Plan – Start Early, Stay Consistent
– You are 36 now. Retirement is 20–25 years away.
– Ideal time to start building a strong retirement corpus.
– Your EPF will form one part of it.
– You need additional investments to match inflation.
– Start SIPs in actively managed hybrid and diversified equity funds.
– Begin even with Rs. 5,000–10,000 monthly if cash is tight.
– Gradually raise this SIP amount every year.
– Choose regular plans through MFD with CFP qualification.
– Avoid direct funds. They lack personalised advice and reviews.
– Regular plans offer ongoing handholding, periodic reviews, and course correction.
– Investing without review leads to bad outcomes.
– Don’t depend on annuity or pension policies.
– They are rigid and yield poor inflation-adjusted returns.
– A diversified MF portfolio offers better tax-efficient growth.
– After retirement, shift corpus slowly to hybrid funds for income.
– Avoid selling everything at once. Use SWP to withdraw.

? Tax Strategy – Reduce, Save and Optimise
– Use Rs. 1.5 lakh 80C limit smartly.
– EPF and term insurance already cover part of it.
– Invest the balance in ELSS for dual benefit.
– ELSS offers tax saving and equity growth.
– Avoid traditional insurance policies.
– For daughter’s plan, use non-tax saving diversified equity funds.
– Keep gold loan interest as deduction under 24(b) if eligible.
– Maintain file of all home loan and construction bills for tax purposes.

? Insurance – Adequacy and Coverage
– You already have Rs. 1 crore term cover.
– Check if it is 15–20 times your income.
– Increase sum assured after your new home loan.
– Buy health insurance for self, wife and daughter.
– Choose a family floater of Rs. 10 lakh minimum.
– Health expenses are rising fast in India.
– Employer cover may not be enough post-retirement.
– Buy separate personal health policy without delay.

? After EMI Ends – Rebalance Entire Plan
– In 3 years, EMI of Rs. 67,000 ends.
– That changes your cash flow dramatically.
– Use this to repay gold loan, increase SIPs and boost retirement savings.
– Avoid lifestyle inflation once EMI ends.
– Sit with a Certified Financial Planner and re-strategise.

? Rental Income Plan – What to Expect
– 3 floors can fetch good rent if location supports.
– Don’t overestimate. Always take conservative rent projections.
– Maintain the building to attract quality tenants.
– Rental income is taxable. Keep that in mind.
– Use a portion of rent to create sinking fund for repairs.

? Asset Diversification and Future Planning
– Your main assets are property, EPF, and gold.
– Add mutual funds now to balance asset allocation.
– Mutual funds are liquid, diversified and inflation-beating.
– Stay invested for long-term and avoid panic exits.
– Review goals once every year with a professional.
– Plan for daughter’s college abroad if needed.
– Consider travel, emergency, healthcare and lifestyle needs at retirement.
– Build financial independence. Don’t rely on children for support.

? Final Insights
– Your current structure is stable and promising.
– You’ve handled loans and expenses responsibly.
– Strengthen your emergency fund immediately.
– Clear gold loan before taking construction loan.
– Delay construction until EMI ends to avoid pressure.
– Start SIPs for daughter’s education and your retirement.
– Avoid index funds, direct funds and annuity plans.
– Stick with MFD-guided actively managed mutual funds.
– Keep insurance updated and separate from investments.
– Do regular reviews and plan every step wisely.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

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DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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