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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 08, 2025

Ramalingam Kalirajan has over 26 years of experience in MF distribution and wealth management. He holds an MBA in Finance from the University of Madras and is a CFP (Certified Financial Planner) credentialed professional. He is the Director of Holistic Investment, a Chennai-based AMFI-registered Mutual Fund Distribution (ARN-4188) and APMI-registered PMS Distribution firm (APRN07386), helping clients build long-term wealth through mutual funds and other investment solutions.... more
Himanshu Question by Himanshu on Aug 11, 2025Hindi
Money

Hi I am 43 me and wife earning 3.5 lcs per month with no kids we have a liability of 45 lacs housing loan and 2 car loan total of15 lacs Housing loan balance 33 lacs ( we paid 9 lacs as part payment in two years) and also increase our installments from 38000 to 50000 for the last 9 months and reduce our tenure from 20 years to now 09 years @7.6%per anum Expenses:- 50000 housing laon per month 29000 car loan per month 30000 house hold expenses including travel expenses etc.. 30 lakhs mediclaim insureace premium 25000 annually Investment:- 45000 mutual funds per month ( funds like multi assets,multi cap and large cap one or two funds in small cap,and flexi funds ) Lic premium annual around 2 lacs 65000 annually for term plan ( unit linked plan) of 50 lacs 1 lakhs in PPF 65 lakhs corpus in mutual funds (90% equity and 10% hybrid) 15 lakhs FD 40 lakhs worth gold (400 grm) apprx 1 flat worth 1 crore ( on loan paying 50k pm) 1 car loan is on floating ROI of 8% Want to build a corpus of minimum of 10 crores before 60 years of age and also want to travel the world.. How do we invest in more systametic manner so that we can grow our money and how much amount do we need more to invest to reach this target

Ans: It is very good to see your clarity about goals and disciplined approach toward financial planning.
Earning Rs 3.5 lakh per month with no kids gives you a big advantage.
Your plan to grow wealth systematically and travel the world is achievable.
Let me explain the entire situation carefully and give a full 360-degree perspective.

» your current financial situation

– Your age is 43, and your wife is working.
– You have no kids, which reduces current financial responsibility.
– Your total monthly income is Rs 3.5 lakh.

– Housing loan balance is Rs 33 lakh.

EMI increased to Rs 50,000 per month.

Tenure reduced to 9 years from 20 years at 7.6% interest.

– Car loan outstanding is Rs 15 lakh.

EMI is Rs 29,000 per month.

One car loan is floating rate at 8%.

– Household expenses are around Rs 30,000 per month.

This includes travel and daily expenses.

You are living a comfortable but reasonable lifestyle.

– You have health insurance with Rs 30 lakh coverage.

Paid Rs 25,000 annually.

» your investments

– Monthly mutual fund SIP is Rs 45,000.

Investments include multi-assets, multi-cap, large-cap, small-cap, flexi-cap funds.

Current mutual fund corpus is Rs 65 lakh.
– Out of this, 90% is equity, and 10% is hybrid.

– You have Rs 15 lakh in fixed deposits.
– Gold worth about Rs 40 lakh (400 grams).
– You own one flat worth Rs 1 crore, under home loan.

EMI is Rs 50,000 per month.
– LIC premium is Rs 2 lakh annually (unit-linked plan).
– Term insurance of Rs 65,000 annually, covering Rs 50 lakh.
– You also contribute Rs 1 lakh annually into PPF.

Your overall asset base and disciplined savings are very good.
But a few important improvements are needed to build a corpus of Rs 10 crore.

» home and car loan assessment

– You are paying Rs 50,000 EMI for home loan.

This is aggressive but good, because tenure is now 9 years.
– Continue this, as early repayment helps save interest.

– Car loan of Rs 29,000 EMI is high.

Car loan should ideally be repaid fast.

Consider making prepayments to reduce outstanding faster.

– Car is a depreciating asset.

Do not take another car loan unless really essential.

Two cars are fine, but avoid increasing liabilities.

– Home loan is productive liability, because property value appreciates.
– Car loan is non-productive, best to repay faster.

» insurance coverage and LIC investment

– Your term plan of Rs 50 lakh is sufficient.

It protects family against unforeseen events.

– Health insurance of Rs 30 lakh is adequate for both.

– But your unit-linked insurance policy (ULIP) needs review.

ULIPs have high charges and poor returns.

They combine insurance and investment but are costlier than mutual funds.

– I strongly suggest you surrender the ULIP.

Use proceeds to invest in mutual funds.

This improves flexibility, lowers cost, and increases returns.

» mutual fund strategy

– You invest Rs 45,000 per month in mutual funds now.

Good mix of multi-asset, multi-cap, large-cap, small-cap, and flexi-cap.

– Actively managed funds are preferable.

They adapt based on market situations.

Index funds do not actively rebalance or protect in downturns.

Index funds purely track market indices without expert decision-making.

So they don’t offer good risk management.

– Direct mutual funds are also not ideal.

They lack professional monitoring and regular rebalancing.

MFD regular plans give expert CFP support.

They adjust asset allocation based on goals and market.

– Suggested systematic plan:

Rs 25,000 in multi-cap and large-cap funds for stability.

Rs 10,000 in mid-cap and small-cap funds for growth.

Rs 5,000 in aggressive hybrid funds for stability plus growth.

Rs 5,000 in balanced advantage funds to manage volatility.

– Over time, shift allocation toward safer assets like hybrids and debt funds.

As you approach age 60, reduce equity allocation gradually.

» target corpus and investment gap

– You aim for Rs 10 crore corpus by age 60.
– Current corpus:

Rs 65 lakh in mutual funds.

Rs 15 lakh in FD.

Rs 40 lakh in gold.

Property is worth Rs 1 crore.

– Your current net assets approx Rs 2.2 crore (ignoring liabilities).

House loan and car loan outstanding still reduce net worth.

– To reach Rs 10 crore in next 17 years:

Systematic investments must grow consistently.

Expected long-term return of equity mutual funds: 12-15% p.a.

Gold has limited long-term growth; better kept for emergencies or family events.

– Your current SIP of Rs 45,000 is good.

But to reach Rs 10 crore, you must invest more monthly.

– Suggested additional monthly investment:

At least Rs 1.5 lakh total (including current Rs 45,000).

Allocate:
– Rs 75,000 in equity mutual funds (multi-cap, mid-cap, large-cap).
– Rs 30,000 in hybrid funds (balanced advantage, aggressive hybrid).
– Rs 20,000 in debt mutual funds or PPF for stability.
– Rs 25,000 in liquid funds for emergencies.

This systematic investment approach builds a strong long-term corpus.
Your monthly contribution target should be around Rs 1.5 lakh.

» managing gold holdings

– Gold is good as a safety net.
– But avoid increasing gold holdings further as investments.
– It does not generate income or compounding returns.

– Gradually reduce gold holding (especially over 300 grams beyond the marriage corpus).

Use proceeds to repay jewel loans or invest in mutual funds.

» emergency fund strategy

– Emergency fund should cover 6 to 12 months expenses.

Around Rs 15 to 20 lakh based on your expenses.

– Keep it in liquid mutual funds or ultra-short-term debt funds.

Avoid keeping it in FDs or speculative swing trading.

» speculative investments like swing trading

– I see no mention of speculative trading now, which is good.
– Swing trading is risky and unsuitable for long-term wealth.
– Focus entirely on systematic mutual fund investments.

» tax planning

– For equity mutual funds, LTCG above Rs 1.25 lakh is taxed at 12.5%.
– STCG is taxed at 20%.
– Debt funds follow income tax slabs.

– Long-term investments reduce tax impact.

Hold equity funds for over 1 year.

– PPF offers tax-free growth.

Suitable for safe part of portfolio.

» goal of global travel

– Traveling the world is a great aspiration.
– Plan for travel as a separate goal.

Set aside specific SIPs or liquid funds for travel expenses.

– Example:

Rs 5,000 per month in liquid or short-term debt funds.

Build a corpus of Rs 20–30 lakh for global travel in 5–10 years.

» regular portfolio review

– Periodically review your portfolio.

Rebalance annually with a Certified Financial Planner.

Ensure asset allocation suits your age and goals.

– Shift gradually from equity to debt/hybrid after age 50.

This protects capital and reduces risk.

– Continue increasing SIPs as income grows.

Avoid reducing investments during market downturns.

» final insights

– Your financial discipline and clear goals are strengths.
– Prioritize repaying high-interest loans like car loan fast.
– Strongly surrender ULIP and reinvest in mutual funds.
– Maintain emergency fund in liquid form.
– Increase systematic mutual fund investments to Rs 1.5 lakh per month.

This helps target Rs 10 crore corpus by age 60.

– Focus on actively managed regular mutual funds.

Avoid index and direct funds.

– Gold should be held for specific purposes only.
– Plan global travel separately with dedicated savings.

– Continue simple lifestyle to increase savings capacity.
– Revisit plan yearly for adjustments.

Your thoughtful approach shows good financial awareness.
With disciplined actions, your 10 crore target is achievable.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment
Asked on - Apr 20, 2026 | Answered on Apr 21, 2026
I never had an such a detailed analysis of my portfolio I am great fan of yours sir Mr Ramalingam salute to you thank you
Ans: You're welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Best wishes on your financial journey!

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramalingamcfp/
DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information to be as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision.
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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Jun 21, 2024

Money
HI. Myself Karthick aged 36 years. As a couple we are earning 2.5lacs per month with Two daughters. Currently we have 28k Home loan till 2039 and car loan of 10k per month. Investment portfolio RD-5000, SSY -5000, SIP 7000 LIC 10000 Physical Gold coins - 20 sovereigns. Both have been covered in NPS and working in Central Govt.sofar 28lacs maturity amount for each. We are sure that 4.5 CR as Lumpsump and 3.5 crore for monthly pension will come based on 9-15%returns for each. We are planning for Childs education and marriage expenses from the investment. Please clarify how to improve further
Ans: Hi Karthick,

I appreciate you reaching out for financial advice. You’re in a strong position with your combined income and existing investments. Let's dive into how you can further improve your financial situation.

Current Financial Overview
Your combined monthly income is Rs 2.5 lacs. That’s a solid foundation. Your monthly obligations include:

Home loan: Rs 28,000 (till 2039)

Car loan: Rs 10,000

Your investments include:

Recurring Deposit (RD): Rs 5,000 per month

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): Rs 5,000 per month

Systematic Investment Plan (SIP): Rs 7,000 per month

Life Insurance Corporation (LIC): Rs 10,000 per month

Physical Gold Coins: 20 sovereigns

Both of you are covered under National Pension Scheme (NPS) with a maturity amount of Rs 28 lacs each. You anticipate Rs 4.5 crore as a lump sum and Rs 3.5 crore for monthly pension returns.

Child's Education and Marriage Planning
Your primary goal is to plan for your daughters' education and marriage. Here’s how you can streamline and enhance your investment strategy to meet these goals:

Enhancing Existing Investments
1. Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)

You are currently investing Rs 7,000 per month in SIPs. Consider increasing this amount. SIPs offer the benefit of rupee cost averaging and compound interest. Diversify your SIPs across different funds to balance risk and returns.

2. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY)

SSY is a good investment for your daughters’ future. It offers tax benefits and attractive interest rates. Ensure you continue this until it matures to maximize benefits.

Evaluating Insurance Plans
1. Life Insurance (LIC)

Evaluate your current LIC policy. Traditional LIC policies offer lower returns compared to mutual funds. If your LIC policy is an investment-cum-insurance plan, consider surrendering it and redirecting the funds into higher-yielding SIPs. Pure term insurance is more cost-effective for life coverage.

Increasing Your Investment Corpus
1. Increasing SIP Contributions

With your substantial monthly income, consider increasing your SIP contributions. SIPs in actively managed mutual funds can potentially offer better returns than other investment options. Avoid direct funds due to the complexities in managing them. Regular funds with guidance from a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) ensure professional management and better performance.

2. Recurring Deposits (RD)

RDs are safe but offer lower returns. Gradually reduce RD contributions and redirect funds to SIPs. This shift can significantly improve your overall returns over time.

Retirement Planning
1. National Pension Scheme (NPS)

NPS is a good retirement tool, providing tax benefits and a decent corpus. Ensure you continue contributing to it regularly. For better retirement planning, also consider other retirement-focused mutual funds which can offer higher returns.

Gold Investments
1. Physical Gold

You hold 20 sovereigns of gold. While gold is a safe investment, it does not generate regular income. Consider holding a portion of your gold in more liquid forms like Gold ETFs or Sovereign Gold Bonds. These forms offer better liquidity and sometimes interest income.

Emergency Fund
1. Establishing an Emergency Fund

Ensure you have an emergency fund covering at least 6-12 months of living expenses. This fund should be in a highly liquid and safe investment like a savings account or liquid mutual fund. This will provide a financial cushion against unexpected expenses or loss of income.

Diversification and Risk Management
1. Diversify Investments

Diversification reduces risk. Spread your investments across different asset classes such as equity, debt, and gold. This balance ensures stability and growth in your portfolio.

2. Risk Assessment

Regularly assess your risk tolerance. Your risk tolerance will change with age, financial goals, and responsibilities. Adjust your investment strategy accordingly.

Tax Planning
1. Efficient Tax Planning

Utilize tax-saving instruments under Section 80C, 80D, and others. Investments in ELSS funds, PPF, NPS, and health insurance can help reduce your taxable income. Efficient tax planning increases your investable surplus.

Children's Education Fund
1. Education Fund

Open a separate education fund for your daughters. Regularly invest in a mix of equity and debt mutual funds. Start early to benefit from the power of compounding. Monitor and adjust the fund based on market conditions and your financial situation.

Children's Marriage Fund
1. Marriage Fund

Similar to the education fund, start a dedicated marriage fund. Invest systematically in a mix of equity and debt instruments. Consider the time horizon and risk tolerance while planning.

Monitoring and Review
1. Regular Monitoring

Regularly monitor your investments. Ensure they align with your financial goals. Adjust allocations based on performance and changing goals.

2. Annual Review with CFP

Conduct an annual review with a Certified Financial Planner. This review will help in assessing your financial health, adjusting strategies, and ensuring you are on track to meet your goals.

Final Insights
You have a solid foundation with a good income and diverse investments. By increasing SIP contributions, evaluating insurance policies, diversifying investments, and efficient tax planning, you can significantly enhance your financial health. Regular monitoring and professional advice are key to staying on track.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

Chief Financial Planner,

www.holisticinvestment.in

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on May 21, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - May 20, 2025
Money
Hi I am 43 me and wife earning 3 lcs per month with no kids we have a liability of 45 lacs housing loan and car loan of 8 lacs Housing loan balance 38 lacs ( we paid 5 lacs as part payment in two years) and also increase our installments from 38000 to 50000 for the last 5 months and reduce our tenure from 20 years to now 12 years Expenses:- 50000 housing laon per month 19000 car loan per month 30000 house hold expenses including travel expenses etc.. 30 lakhs mediclaim insurance premium 25000 annually Investment:- 35000 mutual funds per month ( funds like multi assets,multi cap and large cap one or two funds in small cap,and flexi funds ) Lic premium annual around 2 lacs 65000 annually premium for term plan ( unit linked plan) of 50 lacs 1 lakhs in PPF 50 lakhs corpus in mutual funds (90% equity and 10% hybrid) 15 lakhs FD 30 lakhs worth gold (300 grm) apprx 1 flat worth 1 crore ( on loan paying 50k pm) 10 lakh cash 3 lakh in savings Want to build a corpus of minimum of 10 crores befor 60 years of age How do invest in more systametic manner so that we can grow our money and how much amount do we need more to invest to reach this targetAnd another imp question is do I need to pay housing loan first so that I can save the intrest or kept the money in account as emergency fund. I am really confused Do I sell gold and pay loan ?? Do I break my FD ? What to do??
Ans: Appreciate your clarity and discipline with money. You are far ahead of many at your age. You already have a strong income, valuable assets, and good savings habits. Now let’s look at a complete 360° view of how to reach Rs. 10 crore target by 60.

We’ll go step by step with each area of your financial life.

Income and Cash Flow Overview
Monthly income of Rs. 3 lakhs is very healthy.

Loan EMIs total around Rs. 1.19 lakhs, approximately 40% of income.

Household expenses are just Rs. 30,000 – very efficient.

SIPs of Rs. 35,000 are a great start, but more growth investment is needed.

Scope exists to steadily increase investments each year.

Savings of Rs. 13 lakhs (FD + cash + savings) gives a solid buffer.

Actionable Insight:
Maintain a detailed monthly budget tracking income, expenses, EMIs, and surplus. Review it quarterly to stay in control.

Loan Repayment Strategy
Home loan of Rs. 38 lakh with Rs. 50,000 EMI and reduced tenure to 12 years – good progress.

Car loan of Rs. 8 lakh with Rs. 19,000 EMI.

Rs. 69,000/month in loan EMIs is manageable at your income level.

Recommendations:

Don’t rush to close home loan if interest is below 9% – you get tax benefits.

Prioritise closing the car loan if interest rate is high – it's not tax beneficial.

Avoid using FD or gold for loan repayment unless it’s an emergency.

Emergency Fund Evaluation
Rs. 10 lakh in cash + Rs. 3 lakh in savings is already strong.

With Rs. 15 lakh in FD, total emergency reserve is Rs. 28 lakh.

That’s more than sufficient; no need to expand emergency fund further.

Use sweep-in FD or split across multiple banks for liquidity and safety.

Insurance Assessment
Rs. 30 lakh health insurance is adequate – continue maintaining this.

Term insurance of Rs. 50 lakh via ULIP is too low.

Ideal cover should be around Rs. 4 crore (12x annual income).

Recommendations:

Take an independent term insurance plan of Rs. 3.5 crore.

Continue existing health cover.

Evaluate surrender of ULIP and LIC if returns are low (generally ~5%).

Redirect those premiums (Rs. 2.65 lakh annually) to mutual fund SIPs.

Investment Portfolio Review
Monthly Investments:

Rs. 35,000 into mutual funds (multi-cap, flexi-cap, small-cap, etc.)

Annual Contributions:

Rs. 1 lakh into PPF

Total Investment Corpus:

Rs. 50 lakh in mutual funds

Rs. 15 lakh in FD

Rs. 30 lakh in gold

Rs. 10 lakh in cash

Rs. 3 lakh in savings

Positives:

Strong equity exposure for long-term growth.

Balanced support from gold and FD.

Suggestions for Improvement:

Increase SIPs annually by at least 10%.

Limit small-cap exposure to 10-15%.

Gradually move from FD to debt mutual funds for better returns and tax-efficiency.

Surrender low-return policies (LIC, ULIP) and reinvest in growth-oriented funds.

Continue PPF contributions for safe, tax-free returns.

Realistic Path to Rs. 10 Crore by Age 60
You are 43 now, with 17 years to invest.

Current investment corpus is around Rs. 1.08 crore.

With Rs. 35,000 SIP, you might reach Rs. 2.5–3 crore by 60 – not enough.

To Reach Rs. 10 Crore Goal:

Gradually increase SIPs to Rs. 1 lakh/month in 5 years.

Reinvest proceeds from surrendering LIC/ULIP (Rs. 2.65 lakh annually).

Redirect EMI amounts (car loan, etc.) once loans are closed.

Make lump sum additions from bonuses or surplus income.

Mutual Fund Taxation Notes
From 2024, equity LTCG above Rs. 1.25 lakh taxed at 12.5%.

Short-term equity gains taxed at 20%.

Debt fund gains taxed as per slab.

Advice:

Avoid frequent withdrawals.

Use ultra-short term or debt funds for short- to medium-term needs.

Fund Selection Guidelines
Avoid direct funds unless you manage the portfolio yourself.

Use regular plans through a certified financial planner for guidance.

Avoid index funds if you seek alpha and personalized management.

Stick to a blend of active multi-cap, flexi-cap, and large-cap funds.

Suggested Asset Allocation
60% – Equity mutual funds

15% – Debt mutual funds

10% – Gold (already in place)

10% – Emergency fund (FD + cash)

5% – PPF

Annual Portfolio Rebalancing Recommended

Year-Wise Action Plan
Year 1–2:

Repay car loan using surplus or gold if needed.

Surrender LIC and ULIP; shift Rs. 2.65 lakh to mutual funds.

Take new term plan of Rs. 3.5 crore.

Increase SIPs to Rs. 50,000/month.

Year 3–5:

Redirect closed EMIs (Rs. 19,000) to SIPs.

Gradually move FD into debt mutual funds.

Add lump sum investments from annual bonuses.

Year 6–10:

Continue SIPs at Rs. 1 lakh/month.

Keep gold as is.

Rebalance asset allocation annually.

Final Insights
You are on the right track.

No need to sell gold or break FD prematurely.

Gradually increase SIPs and equity exposure.

Maintain emergency reserve.

Improve term cover and simplify insurance portfolio.

Avoid panic, follow the strategy, and review annually.

With this approach, you can confidently build Rs. 10 crore or more by 60 and ensure financial independence.

With better planning and yearly reviews, you will secure a strong retired life.

 

Best Regards,
?
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
?
Chief Financial Planner,
?
www.holisticinvestment.in
https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

Naveenn

Naveenn Kummar  |265 Answers  |Ask -

Financial Planner, MF, Insurance Expert - Answered on Sep 04, 2025

Money
Himanshu Asked on - Aug 11, 2025 Hi I am 43 me and wife earning 3.5 lcs per month with no kids we have a liability of 45 lacs housing loan and 2 car loan total of15 lacs Housing loan balance 33 lacs ( we paid 9 lacs as part payment in two years) and also increase our installments from 38000 to 50000 for the last 9 months and reduce our tenure from 20 years to now 09 years @7.6%per anum Expenses:- 50000 housing laon per month 29000 car loan per month 30000 house hold expenses including travel expenses etc.. 30 lakhs mediclaim insureace premium 25000 annually Investment:- 45000 mutual funds per month ( funds like multi assets,multi cap and large cap one or two funds in small cap,and flexi funds ) Lic premium annual around 2 lacs 65000 annually for term plan ( unit linked plan) of 50 lacs 1 lakhs in PPF 65 lakhs corpus in mutual funds (90% equity and 10% hybrid) 15 lakhs FD 40 lakhs worth gold (400 grm) apprx 1 flat worth 1 crore ( on loan paying 50k pm) 1 car loan is on floating ROI of 8% Want to build a corpus of minimum of 10 crores before 60 years of age and also want to travel the world.. How do we invest in more systametic manner so that we can grow our money and how much amount do we need more to invest to reach this target
Ans: Dear Himanshu,

Thank you for sharing detailed information about your finances and goals. Based on your current situation and your target of building a ?10 crore corpus by age 60, here’s a systematic approach you can follow.

1. Current Financial Snapshot

Income: ?3.5 lakh/month combined

Expenses: Housing loan EMI ?50k, car loans ?29k, household & travel ?30k

Investments: Mutual funds SIP ?45k/month (multi-cap, large-cap, flexi, small-cap), PPF ?1 L/year, MF corpus ?65 L (90% equity, 10% hybrid), FD ?15 L, gold ?40 L (400 gm), LIC & term insurance

Liabilities: Housing loan ?33 L (EMI ?50k, 9-year remaining at 7.6%), car loans ?15 L at 8% floating

2. Corpus Target Analysis

Current total assets: ~?2.35–2.4 Cr

Growth assumption: Equity 12% CAGR, debt 7% CAGR

Projection: With existing SIPs, your corpus may grow to ?5–5.5 Cr by 60 years.

Gap to target ?10 Cr: ~?4.5–5 Cr, which requires additional systematic investing.

3. Systematic Investment Approach

Increase SIPs: Consider additional ?50k–60k/month in diversified equity-oriented mutual funds.

Step-up SIPs: Increase SIPs yearly aligned with salary increments to accelerate corpus growth.

Portfolio diversification:

50–60% in large-cap and flexi-cap funds for stable growth

10–15% in mid-cap and small-cap funds for higher growth

10–15% in hybrid/debt funds for stability

10–15% in PPF or FDs for safe capital

5–10% in liquid funds for emergencies and travel

Debt Management: Prioritize prepayment of high-interest car loans if surplus cash arises. Housing loan prepayment is optional since EMI is already high.

Travel & short-term goals: Maintain a separate liquid fund or short-term debt fund for travel, avoiding disturbance to your retirement corpus.

4. Key Recommendations

Stick to a disciplined monthly investment plan with step-ups.

Maintain an emergency fund of 6–12 months of expenses.

Monitor your mutual fund portfolio annually and rebalance to maintain risk-adjusted allocations.

Consult a QPFP financial planner periodically to review progress and adjust SIPs or asset allocation if needed.

With this approach, disciplined investing, and annual portfolio review, you can systematically work toward your ?10 crore target by age 60 while keeping flexibility for lifestyle goals like travel.

Best regards,
Naveenn Kummar, BE, MBA, QPFP
Chief Financial Planner | AMFI Registered MFD
www.alenova.in
https://www.instagram.com/alenova_wealth

..Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Aug 28, 2025

Asked by Anonymous - Aug 20, 2025Hindi
Money
Hi I'm 38 yrs of age. Having accumulated the below amount Esops 7 Lakhs Mutual funds 9.5 Lakhs Stocks 30 Lakhs PPF around 6.2 Lakhs EPF 7.5 Lakhs NPS 1.5 Lakhs Have a term and health insurance My Sip are regular which is of 30k every month Stocks 10k, NPS and PPF 6k each month, I have started to invest in Global equity Salary around 1.4 Lakhs. I have credit card liability around 25k which is cleared every month . No other debt. Have 3 lic policies . Single not planning on getting married for another 2 yrs I don't have an emergency fund Kindly advise how I can build this and also looking to retire at the age of 52 if I can achieve 6 crores and will it be okay if I get married after 2 yrs and still retire at that age
Ans: Your financial discipline is good.

Regular SIPs and diversified investments show commitment.

No big debt burden. That’s a strong positive.

Term and health cover give you protection. Very smart move.

Credit card cleared every month shows strong money habits.

Salary of Rs. 1.4 lakhs monthly gives good scope for savings.

You have created a solid foundation. This is commendable. But retirement at 52 with Rs. 6 crores needs sharp planning.

» Assessment of Current Investments

ESOPs: Rs. 7 lakhs. Good for growth but risky if concentrated.

Mutual funds: Rs. 9.5 lakhs. Reasonable but needs diversification.

Stocks: Rs. 30 lakhs. High exposure here creates volatility risk.

PPF: Rs. 6.2 lakhs. Provides safety but growth is low.

EPF: Rs. 7.5 lakhs. Good for retirement stability.

NPS: Rs. 1.5 lakhs. Still small; will grow slowly.

You also invest in global equity. This adds some diversification.

Monthly pattern:

SIP Rs. 30k is strong.

Stocks Rs. 10k may increase risk.

PPF and NPS Rs. 6k each adds safety but return is moderate.

» Gap Analysis

No emergency fund is a risk.

52 as retirement age means 14 years from now.

Target Rs. 6 crores corpus is big but possible.

Marriage in 2 years will change expenses.

Health inflation and lifestyle costs will rise.

Your stock-heavy portfolio creates risk for early retirement. Need balanced allocation.

» Emergency Fund Strategy

Build Rs. 6–9 lakhs emergency fund.

Keep 6 months of expenses in liquid funds or sweep FD.

Use part of bonus or ESOP encashment for this.

Do not touch this fund for investing.

Emergency fund protects you from loan dependency.

» Stock Exposure and Risks

Rs. 30 lakhs in direct stocks is high.

Stocks need active tracking. One wrong bet can hurt your plan.

Reduce concentration. Shift some money to mutual funds.

Actively managed funds give professional research advantage.

Index funds lack human intervention and fail in volatile phases.

Active funds can beat inflation and help achieve Rs. 6 crores faster.

» Mutual Fund Strategy

Increase mutual fund share.

Use diversified equity, flexi-cap, and mid-cap funds.

Regular plan through MFD with CFP ensures guidance and monitoring.

Direct funds often lack handholding and personalised advice.

Mistakes in asset mix and redemption timing cost big.

Regular plan gives service value worth paying for.

Keep SIPs growing by 8–10% yearly.

» Debt and Safety Allocation

PPF and EPF give stability. Continue these for tax benefits and safety.

Do not over-allocate to debt instruments. Growth will suffer.

Maintain about 20% in debt for stability.

» Global Equity

Small allocation is fine. But don’t overdo.

Keep under 10% of portfolio.

Currency risk can work both ways.

» NPS Contribution

Continue Rs. 6k monthly.

Gives extra tax benefit under 80CCD(1B).

But do not expect high flexibility here.

» LIC Policies

LIC traditional policies give low returns.

These block money for long periods.

Better surrender after checking surrender value and charges.

Reinvest in mutual funds for better compounding.

» Retirement Goal of Rs. 6 Crores

14 years is a short period for this goal.

With 10–11% return and higher SIPs, it is possible.

Increase SIP from Rs. 30k to Rs. 40k soon.

Grow SIP every year by 8–10%.

Avoid large idle money in savings or low-yield products.

Keep stock exposure under 35% for risk control.

» Marriage and Retirement Impact

Marriage will increase expenses.

May reduce investible surplus for some years.

But with disciplined increase in SIP, you can offset this.

Avoid lifestyle inflation after marriage.

Keep both partners aligned on financial goals.

» Insurance Review

Term insurance is good. Ensure cover is at least 15–20 times salary.

Health cover should be Rs. 10 lakhs or more.

Add super top-up plan for extra safety.

» Tax Planning

Use PPF, NPS for tax benefit.

ELSS in mutual funds also works well for tax and growth.

Stay aware of capital gains rules:

Equity MF LTCG above Rs. 1.25 lakh taxed at 12.5%.

STCG taxed at 20%.

Debt MF gains as per slab.

Plan withdrawals smartly during retirement.

» Lifestyle and Cash Flow Discipline

Increase SIPs every year.

Control discretionary spends.

Avoid new loans for luxury buys.

If ESOPs vest, book profit gradually and diversify.

» Final Insights

Build emergency fund first.

Reduce direct stock exposure. Shift some to mutual funds.

Continue SIPs and step-up yearly.

Surrender LIC policies and reinvest in growth options.

Keep balanced allocation for growth and safety.

Retirement at 52 with Rs. 6 crores is possible with higher commitment.

Marriage will not derail plan if discipline continues.

Get a CFP to review portfolio every year for course correction.

Best Regards,
K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
Chief Financial Planner,
www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.youtube.com/@HolisticInvestment

..Read more

Latest Questions
Nayagam P

Nayagam P P  |12558 Answers  |Ask -

Career Counsellor - Answered on Sep 15, 2026

Career
good afternoon sir i am a student passed my class 12th from cbse in pcb stream with 85% marks now in 2027 i want to give jee mains mhtcet nd comedk exams for engineering for that i have taken nios maths as an additional subject and opted for on demand exam in feb 2027 so i wanted to ask am i eligible for the addmissions in clg through these exams with holding two 12th marksheets??? pls ans asap it would be alot helpful... sir u speicifcally tell me abt mhtcet cap eound addmissions into colleges like coep pict spit vit nd etc cause i am more focused on it
Ans: Atharv, You are potentially eligible for engineering admissions, subject to the 2027 eligibility rules and acceptance of your NIOS Mathematics marksheet as an additional qualifying subject. For MHT-CET B.E./B.Tech CAP, Mathematics is compulsory, and your CBSE and NIOS documents must collectively meet the eligibility criteria.

Admission to colleges such as COEP, PICT, SPIT, and VIT through MHT-CET CAP cannot be confirmed until the 2027 CAP brochure clarifies the policy on two-board/additional-subject combinations. Please note that COMEDK (for Karnataka private engineering colleges) has historically not accepted marksheets from two different boards; therefore, your current combination may not be eligible for COMEDK counselling. We recommend reviewing the COMEDK 2027 notification once released to confirm the latest eligibility and admission criteria.

Additionally, it is strongly advisable to apply to at least 4–5 private engineering colleges through their respective entrance exams as backup options, rather than relying solely on MHT-CET and COMEDK. All The Best for Your Prosperous Future!

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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 13, 2026

Asked by Anonymous - Sep 11, 2026
Money
I am a 25 yo looking to fix my money problems. Plsssss help!!!!!!!
Ans: At 25, you have something very valuable: plenty of time to correct money mistakes.

You do not need a perfect investment plan today. You need a simple system that you can follow every month.

» Step 1: Know Where Your Money Goes

For the next 2–3 months, track every rupee coming in and going out.

Separate expenses into:

– Essential expenses
– Family commitments
– Lifestyle spending
– EMIs and other debts
– Savings and investments

This will show where your money problem actually is.

» Step 2: Clear Costly Debt First

If you have credit-card outstanding, personal loans or other high-cost debt, give priority to clearing them.

Do not take more investment risk while expensive debt is eating into your income.

» Step 3: Build An Emergency Fund

Before increasing mutual fund investments, create an emergency reserve.

Keep around 4–6 months of essential expenses in easily accessible, safe options.

This money is not for wealth creation. It is for emergencies such as job loss, family needs or sudden expenses.

» Step 4: Start Investing Systematically

After your emergency fund and debt are under control, start a monthly SIP.

A diversified equity mutual fund portfolio can be considered for goals that are at least 7–10 years away.

Do not select funds simply because they gave high returns recently.

The investment should match your goal, time period and ability to handle market ups and downs.

» Step 5: Increase Savings With Income

At 25, your income may grow considerably over the next 10 years.

Whenever your salary increases:

– Increase your SIP.
– Avoid increasing lifestyle expenses at the same speed.
– Keep bonuses partly for financial goals.
– Build separate funds for short-term and long-term goals.

This can make a much bigger difference than trying to find the highest-return investment.

» Step 6: Protect Yourself

A 360-degree money plan also needs protection.

– Maintain adequate health insurance.
– If you have financial dependants, consider suitable term insurance.
– Keep nominees updated on your financial accounts.
– Avoid mixing insurance and investment without understanding the costs and benefits.

» Step 7: Keep Goals Separate

Create separate buckets for:

– Emergency money
– Short-term goals within 3 years
– Medium-term goals of 3–7 years
– Long-term wealth creation

Money needed soon should not be exposed heavily to equity market risk.

» Finally

At 25, even if your finances currently feel messy, you are very far from being financially stuck.

Start with three things: control expenses, remove costly debt and build an emergency fund. Then increase your long-term investments gradually.

If you share your monthly income, expenses, existing loans, savings, investments and major goals, an Investment professional can assess the complete picture and suggest a more suitable 360-degree structure.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
AMFI-Registered MFD – ARN 4188

www.holisticinvestment.in/

https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramalingamcfp/

...Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 13, 2026

Asked by Anonymous - Sep 13, 2026
Money
Hello sir, I am a mbbs second year student (about to finish) and currently earn about 50K from a part time job. After house expenses my savings are around 20K. I have recently invested in following sip- Parag Parikh direct growth 2.5K monthly ; hdfc large and mid cap 2.5K monthly ; hdfc defense 1K monthly I wish to grow this money in 5 years to somewhat amount to afford a down payment for a house on home loan as soon as I start my pg Any suggestions about my current sip and where should I put rest of my money?
Ans: It is good that you have started investing while still in your second year of MBBS. Building the saving habit at this stage can give you a strong financial base when your medical career grows.

You currently save around Rs.20,000 every month. Your present SIP is Rs.6,000, leaving around Rs.14,000 for other financial priorities.

» Your 5-Year House Goal

A 5-year period is relatively short for an equity-heavy portfolio, especially when the money is specifically required for a house down payment.

Your PG admission and career transition may also bring large expenses. So, the house fund should not depend entirely on equity market returns.

I would suggest keeping the house down-payment goal separate from your long-term wealth creation.

– Money required within 5 years: moderate-risk investments with increasing debt allocation as the goal approaches.

– Money required after 10 years: equity-oriented mutual funds can have a larger role.

» Review of Your Existing SIPs

Your portfolio has three different exposures:

– A diversified equity fund gives broad exposure and can remain a core long-term holding.

– A large and mid-cap fund can also be useful for long-term wealth creation.

– A defence-sector fund is a thematic investment. It can be more volatile because its performance depends heavily on one sector.

For a 5-year house goal, I would not make the thematic fund a major part of your savings. You may consider keeping the exposure limited and directing fresh money towards diversified investments.

» Direct Plan Vs Regular Plan

You are currently using direct mutual fund plans. Direct plans have a lower expense ratio because there is no distributor commission.

However, for a young investor starting his financial journey, the service and review support available through an MFD can be valuable.

A regular plan through an AMFI-registered MFD can provide:

– Portfolio review and rebalancing support.

– Help in matching investments with your changing goals.

– Guidance when markets fall sharply.

– Assistance with nominations, transactions and documentation.

– Review when your income changes substantially after MBBS and during PG.

The cost difference should therefore be evaluated along with the service you actually receive. If you are comfortable selecting, monitoring and reviewing everything yourself, direct plans can be suitable. Otherwise, regular plans through an MFD can offer useful ongoing support.

» Where To Put The Remaining Rs.14,000

I would not immediately put the entire balance into equity SIPs.

Your first priority should be an emergency reserve. Since you are studying and working part-time, your income may change during PG.

You can divide the remaining savings broadly into:

– Rs.8,000–Rs.10,000 towards a safe house/PG reserve.

– Rs.4,000–Rs.6,000 towards additional long-term wealth creation.

The safe portion can be built through suitable bank deposits or high-quality short-duration debt-oriented investments, depending on your exact need and tax position.

» Do Not Take A Large Home Loan Too Early

This is especially important in your case.

Your income may rise significantly after PG, but your education and career path can also involve relocation, fees and other expenses.

Buying a house immediately after starting PG may therefore put unnecessary pressure on your cash flow.

It may be better to first build:

– Emergency fund.

– PG education fund.

– House down-payment fund.

– Adequate health insurance.

– Personal term insurance when you have financial dependants.

Then decide the home-loan amount based on your stable post-PG income.

» A Better 360-Degree Approach

Your present age gives you a major advantage: time.

Do not focus only on maximising the SIP return. Focus on building financial flexibility.

For the next few years:

– Continue disciplined monthly investing.

– Keep the house corpus separate from retirement/long-term wealth.

– Reduce dependence on the thematic fund.

– Build an emergency reserve.

– Avoid unnecessary loans and lifestyle commitments.

– Increase SIPs whenever your income rises.

Once you complete PG and your income becomes stable, you can substantially increase your equity SIP and build wealth much faster.

» Final Insights

Your starting point is quite strong for an MBBS student. The important thing now is not to chase very high returns.

Your 5-year house goal needs capital protection as the date comes closer. Your long-term wealth goal can take more equity risk.

With disciplined saving now and a meaningful SIP increase after PG, you can create a much stronger financial position before taking a home loan.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,
AMFI-Registered MFD – ARN 4188

www.holisticinvestment.in/

https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramalingamcfp/

...Read more

Nayagam P

Nayagam P P  |12558 Answers  |Ask -

Career Counsellor - Answered on Sep 13, 2026

Career
i am a partial dropper currently studying in manipal university jaipur in btech ece i want to give iat in 2027 and would like some guidence as to how to go abt it
Ans: Advaitha, If you are genuinely interested in research and pure sciences, consider appearing for IAT 2027. If you meet the eligibility requirements, you can prepare for IAT alongside your B.Tech rather than dropping out. Since IAT covers Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology, begin by strengthening your Class 11–12 NCERT concepts, followed by regular practice of IAT-level MCQs and previous-year papers. Always refer to the official IAT 2027 notification for the latest eligibility criteria, exam pattern and important dates. All The Best for Your Prosperous Future!

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Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 12, 2026

Money
Sir, I have a lic jeevan suraksha poliy plan 122 - 27 Yrs with terminal Bonus, Without Life Cover, Policy Issue date 1.7.2001, VEsting Date 30.3.2028, yearly Premium Rs 9918/-Monthly Annuity Rs 9990/- - NCO - Rs 1200000/- . I wanted to now if LIC actually declares any SRB in addition to NCO for policy. and If yes, What would be the Approximate Corups available to me on the vesting date for me to choose between the Options
Ans: You have given the important policy details, and the vesting date is quite close. This is a useful time to review the available options carefully.

Your policy appears to be the old deferred annuity plan, Plan 122, issued in 2001. The plan provides for a deferred annuity and includes provision for a terminal bonus.

» Will you get SRB in addition to Rs. 12 lakh NCO?

The important point is that the benefit in your policy should not be assumed to be a normal Simple Reversionary Bonus (SRB), like in a traditional participating endowment policy.

For this particular plan, the benefit structure refers to a Final Additional Bonus / Terminal Bonus payable at vesting, subject to LICs declaration and the terms applicable to your policy.

Therefore:

– Your Rs. 12 lakh NCO is the important base figure.

– A terminal/final additional bonus may be payable in addition to this amount.

– The bonus cannot be safely estimated merely by applying the current LIC bonus rates.

– The final amount will depend on the bonus actually declared by LIC for your particular policy at vesting.

So, I would not advise you to assume a particular bonus amount before LIC confirms it.

» Approximate corpus at vesting

Since your vesting date is 30.03.2028, there is still some time left.

For planning purposes, I would treat Rs. 12 lakh as the presently known NCO and consider the terminal bonus as an additional amount, rather than building your retirement decision around an assumed bonus.

A reasonable planning approach is:

– Base amount: Rs. 12 lakh NCO.

– Plus: terminal/final additional bonus, if declared and applicable.

– Final vesting value: to be confirmed by LIC before you exercise the annuity option.

I would be cautious about giving you a speculative corpus figure. It may look useful today, but it can create the wrong expectation.

» One important point about your Rs. 9,990 monthly annuity

You have mentioned:

– NCO: Rs. 12 lakh

– Monthly annuity: Rs. 9,990

– Annual premium: Rs. 9,918

– Policy term: 27 years

– Vesting: 30.03.2028

At vesting, you should obtain a written quotation from LIC showing the NCO after applicable bonus and the annuity payable under each available option.

The choice exercised at vesting is important because it determines your future pension structure and other benefits.

» What I suggest you do before 30.03.2028

About 6–12 months before vesting, ask LIC for a written statement showing:

– Present NCO.

– Terminal/final additional bonus credited or payable.

– Final amount available at vesting.

– Monthly annuity under each available option.

– Whether any commutation option is available to you.

– Death-benefit provisions under each option.

– Whether the Rs. 9,990 monthly annuity mentioned in your policy document remains applicable.

This is much safer than relying on an old policy document or verbal information.

» 360-degree retirement assessment

The bigger question is not only whether the corpus becomes Rs. 12 lakh or somewhat higher.

You should compare:

– The final LIC vesting amount.

– Pension available under each option.

– Whether you need regular income after 2028.

– Whether preserving capital for your family is important.

– Your other retirement assets and monthly income.

– Tax treatment of the income, where applicable.

– Liquidity required for medical and other emergencies.

Since this is an old policy and you have already paid premiums for many years, I would not suggest surrendering it at this stage without first checking the exact vesting benefits.

» Final Insights

Yes, your policy may have a terminal/final additional bonus in addition to the NCO, but I would not treat it as a guaranteed SRB or assume a fixed bonus amount.

For your decision-making, Rs. 12 lakh should presently be treated as the known base. The additional terminal bonus should be confirmed by LIC closer to the vesting date.

Most importantly, please obtain the official vesting quotation from LIC before choosing the annuity option. Once you have that quotation, the different options can be compared properly from an income, liquidity and family-benefit perspective.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

AMFI-Registered MFD – ARN 4188

www.holisticinvestment.in

https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramalingamcfp/

...Read more

Ramalingam

Ramalingam Kalirajan  |11462 Answers  |Ask -

Mutual Funds, Financial Planning Expert - Answered on Sep 11, 2026

Money
I AM AGED ABOUT 56 AND HAVING A MEDICLAIM POLICY COVERING RS. 8.00 (EIGHT LAC) FOR ME AND MY SPOUSE WITH ORIENTAL INSURANCE COMPANY FROM LAST 10 YEARS, SOME ONE SUGGESTING ME FOR TOP UP PLAN FOR THE ABOVE POLICY, WILL IT BE HELPFUL. PLEASE ADVICE.
Ans: » Your Existing Health Cover

Maintaining the same mediclaim policy for around 10 years is a strong positive. Continuity can be very useful, especially as you are now 56.

Your present Rs. 8 lakh family cover may be adequate for smaller hospital expenses, but it may not be sufficient for a major hospitalisation in future.

So, considering your age, adding extra health cover is worth evaluating.

» Is a Top-up Helpful?

Yes. A top-up can be a cost-effective way to increase your overall health protection.

A top-up generally works after a specified deductible is crossed. For example, if the deductible is Rs. 8 lakh, the top-up starts paying only after eligible medical expenses cross that level.

Hence, your existing policy and the top-up can work together.

However, please do not select a top-up only because the premium is low.

» Top-up vs Super Top-up

This is an important point.

A normal top-up usually considers the deductible for each claim separately.

A super top-up generally considers the deductible based on total eligible medical expenses during the policy period.

For a family, a super top-up can often provide better practical protection.

Example: Suppose there are two hospitalisations in one year. The first costs Rs. 6 lakh and the second Rs. 5 lakh. A super top-up may consider the total eligible expenses, subject to its policy conditions.

So, compare both structures carefully.

» Do Not Disturb Your Existing Policy

Since you have maintained the existing policy for about 10 years, I would generally not suggest replacing it merely to get a larger cover.

Your existing policy may have valuable continuity benefits and accumulated waiting-period advantages.

First explore increasing protection through an additional top-up or super top-up.

» Important Conditions to Check

Before buying the additional cover, check these points carefully:

– Whether the deductible is individual or family based.

– Whether the deductible applies per claim or annually.

– Waiting periods for pre-existing diseases.

– Room-rent restrictions.

– Co-payment conditions.

– Disease-wise sub-limits.

– Coverage for daycare procedures.

– Cashless hospital network in your city.

– Restoration or refill benefits.

– Whether both you and your spouse are covered under the additional policy.

– Maximum entry age and renewal conditions.

– Whether the additional policy has its own waiting periods.

These conditions can matter more than a small difference in premium.

» Suggested Structure

At age 56, I would prefer a layered health-insurance structure rather than depending only on Rs. 8 lakh.

You can consider:

– Continue your existing Rs. 8 lakh policy.

– Add a suitable super top-up with a meaningful additional cover.

– Keep a separate emergency medical reserve for expenses not fully covered by insurance.

– Review the total family health protection every 2-3 years.

The exact additional cover should depend on your city, spouse age, health history, existing policy terms and premium affordability.

» Final Insights

Your existing 10-year policy is valuable. So, do not surrender or discontinue it without a proper comparison.

Adding a top-up can definitely strengthen your protection. However, I would specifically compare a super top-up also before taking the decision.

At 56, increasing health insurance protection now can give you much better peace of mind for the coming years. The earlier you arrange adequate cover, the better, because health insurance becomes more important as age increases.

Best Regards,

K. Ramalingam, MBA, CFP,

AMFI-Registered MFD – ARN 4188

www.holisticinvestment.in/

https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramalingamcfp/

...Read more

DISCLAIMER: The content of this post by the expert is the personal view of the rediffGURU. Investment in securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the related document carefully before investing. The securities quoted are for illustration only and are not recommendatory. Users are advised to pursue the information provided by the rediffGURU only as a source of information and as a point of reference and to rely on their own judgement when making a decision. RediffGURUS is an intermediary as per India's Information Technology Act.

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